蔬菜穴盘苗自动精确移栽组合式取苗机构设计与测试

Precision planting is one key point of precision agriculture.A doorframe type swing seedling pick-up device for the automatic precise field transplanter was designed and tested in a laboratory.The seedling device could automatically extract seedlings from growing trays, transfer them, and release them into the planting unit where they were to be precisely transplanted into the ground.It consisted of a path manipulator and two grippers.The path manipulator for seedling extraction was constructed with creative design of Ⅱ-type mechanism combination in series.It consisted of an oscillating guide linkage mechanism and a grooved globoidal cam mechanism.According to the planned seedling pick-up trajectory, the design of the path manipulator for seedling extraction was finished with a set of the closed loop vector equation.The gripper was a pincette-type mechanism using the pick-up pins to penetrate into the root mass for seedling extraction.It consisted of multiple pick-up pins, U-type pull rod, shaft, stop block, compression spring and frame.The mechanical dimensions of the gripper were determined by the tray size and plant characteristic with a set of rectangular equations and the boundary constraint conditions.The final gripper was developed on the basis of cultural practice for vegetable seedling in China.A prototype of the seedling pick-up device was constructed to examine whether its working efficacy was satisfactory or not.According to the analysis on the work process, the seedling pick-up device could precisely complete a work cycle of approaching, penetrating, extracting, transferring, erecting and discharging a seedling.Taking pepper seedlings, tomato seedlings and cucumber seedlings as the transplanting objects, the performance tests were conducted to evaluate the practicality and adaptability of the pick-up device.The laboratory evaluation showed that the pick-up device equipped with two grippers could extract 70 seedlings per minute with an average success ratio of 90.49%.The quality of extracting seedlings was satisfactory.     

施肥及喷施B Y2和IBA对云南松苗木芽萌发和穗条产量的影响

对2年生云南松实生苗统一截顶后,采用L9（34）正交设计进行施肥、喷施B Y2和IBA溶液的试验,分析不同组合对穗条产量等的影响。结果表明：试验进行90d时,平均萌芽数和新枝数为132~187芽/株和44~97枝/株。180d时,不同组合的平均单株穗条产量和枝条成穗率为26~59条/株和139%~522%,影响2项指标的主导因子是B Y2,其理论优水平组合为每株施有机肥005kg和喷施40×107CFU/mL的B Y2溶液。有机肥可促进萌芽和穗条产量的提高;IBA促进萌芽和枝条的生长,但抑制萌芽形成枝条;B Y2可提高穗条的产量。培育地径粗壮的无蹲苗的壮苗是提高云南松穗条产量的关键;同时,2年生的苗木,在养分充分满足其生长的前提下,喷施40×107CFU/mL的B Y2溶液也可增加穗条产量。     

Brown Macroalgae (Phaeophyceae): A Valuable Reservoir of Antimicrobial Compounds on Northern Coast of Spain

The search for new sources of antimicrobial compounds has become an urgent need, due to the threat that the spread of bacterial resistance represents for global health and food safety. Brown macroalgae have been proposed as a great reservoir in the search for novel antimicrobial compounds. In this study, mid-polarity extracts were performed with a selection of 20 brown macroalgae species from northern Spain. The total polyphenol, carbohydrate and protein contents were quantified by spectrophotometry. The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of whole macroalgae were also studied as a biomarker of their metabolic state in the representative species of the tested families by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The antimicrobial potential of the extracts was assessed by a disk diffusion assay against 20 target bacteria and further determinations of the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were performed by a microdilution assay for the active extracts. Ericaria selaginoides, Bifurcaria bifurcata and Dictyota dichotoma showed an antimicrobial effect against six Gram-positive strains: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. The phenolic content was generally higher in the extracts that showed antimicrobial activity, followed by carbohydrates and low contents of proteins. The results obtained in this study reveal the potential of brown macroalgae as a promising alternative source of antimicrobial compounds as functional ingredients for the application in industrial fields.     

果蔬类多孔介质干燥传质过程的分子动力学模拟

果蔬类多孔介质内部水中溶解有大量的营养物质（溶质）,在干燥过程中溶质的迁移与湿分的传递同时进行,其内部微孔内的干燥传质机理尚不明确。为了揭示果蔬类多孔介质干燥过程中内部溶液的迁移机理,确定果蔬微孔结构特性对干燥传质过程的影响规律。该研究采用分子动力学方法模拟研究了果蔬类多孔介质微孔道中的干燥传质过程,构建了光滑壁面溶液扩散过程模型与粗糙壁面溶液扩散过程模型。模拟过程采用SPC/E水分子模型,选取OPLS-AA全原子力场和正则系综,溶液势函数选用静电库伦相互作用与Lennard-Jones相互作用,中心水分子的初始速度由高斯分布给出,采用Velocity-Verlet算法,用SHAKE算法固定水分子,x、y方向施加周期性边界条件,z方向上施加固定壁面边界条件。从分子水平模拟分析了果蔬类多孔介质内部溶液的扩散过程,并以马铃薯的热风干燥试验结果进行模型的验证。得出试验值与KCl溶液粗糙壁面模型的模拟值最为接近,其最大相对误差为17.39%;与纯水模型的模拟值相差最大,说明溶质的存在对水分扩散系数的影响不可忽略,且粗糙壁面模型更接近于真实孔道结构。从径向分布函数分布可以看出K+、Cl-对水分子的氢键结构有破坏作用。K+、Cl-均存在两层水化层,H2O分子以O原子靠近K+,以H原子靠近Cl-。溶质浓度、孔道直径、壁面粗糙度因子和相面积分数均对孔隙中的水分扩散系数有重要影响。随着孔道内KCl溶液质量分数的增大,其水分扩散系数逐渐减小。孔道直径变大、粗糙壁面粗糙度因子减小和粗糙壁面相面积分数增大,均会导致干燥过程中水分扩散系数增大。研究结果为果蔬干燥品质及工艺优化分析提供了理论依据。     

长期施肥对渭北旱塬麦田土壤线虫群落特征的影响

为探究长期定位施肥对黄土高原渭北旱塬麦田土壤线虫群落的影响,以长武国家黄土高原农业生态试验站的长期定位试验（1984—2018年）为平台,调查裸地（L）以及不施肥（CK）、施氮磷肥（NP）、单施有机肥（M）、氮磷肥配施有机肥（MNP）的小麦田土壤线虫群落数量、组成结构和生态功能指数,并分析其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明：（1）小麦田土壤线虫数量显著高于裸地,而CK、M和MNP处理使小麦田中土壤线虫数量比NP处理提高了31.63%~56.20%;（2）施肥减缓了长期种植小麦导致的食细菌线虫（特别是头叶属）相对丰度的下降,单施有机肥的处理（M）植食性线虫相对丰度显著降低,同时,相比于CK,施用有机肥的M和MNP处理杂食/捕食线虫相对丰度分别增加了18.4%和8.24%,表明有机肥对杂食/捕食线虫的促进作用;（3）长期施肥处理土壤线虫Shannon多样性指数（H）和指示土壤健康状况的瓦斯乐卡指数（WI）分别为1.80~2.19和0.36~0.68,相较于裸地（H=2.36;WI=1.57）有所下降,但M和MNP处理的线虫成熟度指数（MI）和结构指数（SI）均高于其他处理（L、CK和NP处理）,表明施用有机肥有助于土壤食物网维持复杂的结构和成熟稳定的状态;（4）不同施肥措施下土壤全氮、有机碳、微生物生物量碳和氮以及可溶性碳的变化是影响土壤线虫数量和群落特征的重要环境因素。     

昆明金汁河河岸植物景观评价

以昆明金汁河沿岸植物带为研究对象,选取其中20块样地,采用AHP法及三维绿量换算环境效益的方法对其植物景观进行评价。结果表明,昆明金汁河沿岸植物带景观效果较好、绿量值较高的有8个,其特点为,物种丰富,季相变化明显,以自然式配置为主,采用乔木+灌木+草坪的结构模式,植被高低错落,群落梯度格局合理;金汁河沿岸样地景观效果与环境效益之间存在一定的正相关关系,不同区域环境效益差异明显。评价结果对金汁河进一步改造具有参考价值。     

高压静电场结合冰温气调保鲜技术对罗非鱼鱼片品质的影响

文章研究了高压静电场结合冰温气调保鲜技术对罗非鱼鱼片的保鲜效果,通过罗非鱼片贮藏过程中肉汁渗出率、菌落总数、感官品质、色差值、总挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、脂质氧化（TBA）、p H等指标的变化情况,分析比较3.8 kV、1.8 kV、0 V高压静电下罗非鱼肉品质指标的变化。结果表明,高压静电场能够显著改善鱼肉的品质,贮藏至第30天,样品无异味,感官品质良好,可显著抑制肉汁渗出;可有效抑制微生物的生长和挥发性盐基氮的增加,在一定程度上抑制了鱼肉内脂肪氧化,具有较好的保鲜效果。总体上3.8 kV高压静电对鱼肉的保鲜效果优于1.8 kV高压静电,可延长肉片的保质期至30 d。 

     

斜插式蔬菜嫁接机砧木夹持机构研制与试验

针对传统嫁接机采用整体式夹持片作为砧木夹持机构无法矫正砧木苗弯曲度而造成砧木苗夹持损伤,夹持力无法调节的缺点,该文以葫芦苗作为试验对象,在分析了葫芦苗结构参数和力学特性的基础上,设计开发了一种应用于斜插式蔬菜嫁接机并通过凸形和凹形夹持片交叉夹紧、夹持机构厚度和夹持力大小可调的砧木夹持机构,并确定了该机构的主要结构参数。试验结果表明,与普通夹持机构相比,该机构对砧木苗具有较好的导向作用,能较好地矫正砧木苗的弯曲状态,夹持成功率达到100%,提高了13.3个百分点,伤苗率仅为1.67%,比普通夹持机构减小了11.63个百分点,所设计的嫁接机砧木苗夹持机构是可行的。该研究可为蔬菜砧木苗嫁接机的设计提供参考。     

短期放牧对昭苏草甸草原土壤活性有机碳组分的影响

采用小区控制放牧试验,在昭苏草甸草原上研究了短期放牧对土壤有机碳含量、土壤易氧化碳含量及其分配比例、土壤颗粒组分比例、土壤轻组组分比例的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,短期放牧地可以降低0-10 cm土层土壤有机碳含量,但差异不显著(P0.05),增加0-10 cm的土壤易氧化碳分配比例、颗粒组分比例。放牧强度对土壤易氧化碳分配比例、颗粒组分比例的影响波动性较大,而对土壤有机碳、易氧化碳与轻组组分比例的影响不显著(P0.05);初步认为10-20 cm土层易氧化碳、易氧化碳分配比例与颗粒组分比例,尤其是易氧化碳分配比例,可作为昭苏草甸草原土壤有机碳动态的敏感性指标。     

不同药剂处理对黄芪根腐病的防治效果

本研究用黄芪(Astragalas mongholicus)一年龄种苗为材料,从恶霉灵、甲基托布津、高巧+瑞苗清3种药剂中筛选出防治黄芪根腐病的最有效药剂。结果表明,高巧+瑞苗清药剂组合 (22 512+24 012 g·hm-2)防治效果最佳,为32.21％,其次为甲基托布津药剂处理(502.5 g·hm-2), 而恶霉灵处理(700.5 g·hm-2) 防治效果最差,为-0.07％。虽然3种供试药剂对黄芪根腐病具有一定的防治作用,但防治效果均不明显。