Stable carbon isotope ratios of water-extractable organic carbon affected by application of rice straw and rice straw compost during a long-term rice experiment in Yamagata,Japan

ABSTRACT

Hot-water- and water-extractable organic matter were obtained from soil samples collected from a rice paddy 31 years after the start of a long-term rice experiment in Yamagata, Japan. Specifically, hot-water-extractable organic carbon and nitrogen (HWEOC and HWEON) were obtained by extraction at 80°C for 16 h, and water-extractable organic carbon and nitrogen (WEOC and WEON) were obtained by extraction at room temperature. The soil samples were collected from surface (0–15 cm) and subsurface (15–25 cm) layers of five plots that had been treated with inorganic fertilizers alone or with inorganic fertilizers plus organic matter, as follows: PK, NPK, NPK plus rice straw (RS), NPK plus rice straw compost (CM1), and NPK plus a high dose of rice straw compost (CM3). The soil/water ratio was 1:10 for both extraction temperatures. We found that the organic carbon and total nitrogen contents of the bulk soils were highly correlated with the extractable organic carbon and nitrogen contents regardless of extraction temperature, and the extractable organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher in the plots that were treated with inorganic fertilizers plus organic matter than in the PK and NPK plots. The HWEOC and WEOC δ¹³C values ranged from ?28.2% to ?26.4% and were similar to the values for the applied rice straw and rice straw compost. There were no correlations between the HWEOC or WEOC δ¹³C values and the amounts of HWEOC or WEOC. The δ¹³C values of the bulk soils ranged from ?25.7% to ?23.2% and were lower for the RS and CM plots than for the PK and NPK plots. These results indicate that HWEOC and WEOC originated mainly from rice plants and the applied organic matter rather than from the indigenous soil organic matter. The significant positive correlations between the amounts of HWEOC and HWEON and the amount of available nitrogen (P < 0.001) imply that extractable organic matter can be used as an index for soil fertility in this long-term experiment. We concluded that the applied organic matter decomposed more rapidly than the indigenous soil organic matter and affected WEOC δ¹³C values and amounts.     

Impacts of wetting-drying cycles on short-term carbon and nitrogen dynamics in Amynthas earthworm casts

Effects of earthworm casts on soil nutrient dynamics and their responses to changing moisture availability in subtropical ecosystems remain poorly understood. This study aimed to examine short-term carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) dynamics and their interactions with wetting-drying cycles in three different structural forms(i.e., granular, globular, and heap-like) of Amynthas earthworm casts. The rates of C and N mineralization in the earthworm casts were examined under two different wetting-drying cycles(i.e., 2-d and 4-d wetting intervals) using a rainfall simulation experiment. After three simulated rainfall events, subsamples of the earthworm casts were further incubated for 4 d for the determination of CO_2 and N_2O fluxes. The results of this study indicated that the impacts of wetting-drying cycles on the short-term C and N dynamics were highly variable among the three cast forms, but wetting-drying cycles significantly reduced the cumulative CO_2 and N_2O fluxes by 62%–83% and 57%–85%, respectively, when compared to the control without being subjected to any rainfall events. The C mineralization rates in different cast forms were affected by the amount of organic substrates and N content in casts, which were associated with the food preference and selection of earthworms. Meanwhile, the cumulative N_2O fluxes did not differ among the three cast forms. Repeated wetting and drying of casts not only enhanced aggregate stability by promoting bonds between the cast particles, but also inhibited microbial survival and growth during the prolonged drying period, which together hindered decomposition and denitrification. Our findings demonstrated that the interactions between the structural forms, aggregate dynamics, and C and N cycling in the earthworm casts were highly complex.     

基于空间模拟退火算法的最优土壤采样尺度选择研究

以研究区0.5 km×0.5 km(尺度a)网格的7050个样点为基础,分别得到1 km×1 km网格的1757个样点(尺度b),2 km×2 km网格的444个样点(尺度c),4 km×4 km网格的110个样点(尺度d),以土壤有机质(SOM)为目标属性,运用模拟退火算法对4种采样尺度的土壤样点进行优化选择,确定区...     

基于灰度关联-岭回归的荒漠土壤有机质含量高光谱估算

为改善高光谱技术对荒漠土壤有机质的估测效果,该文采集了以色列Seder Boker地区的荒漠土壤,经预处理、理化分析后将土样分为砂质土和黏壤土2类,再通过光谱采集、处理得到6种光谱指标:反射率(reflectivity,REF)、倒数之对数变换(inverse-log reflectance,LR)、去包络线处理(continuum removal,CR)、标准正态变量变换(standard normal variable reflectance,SNV)、一阶微分变换(first order differential reflectance,FDR)和二阶微分变换(second order differential reflectance,SDR)。通过灰度关联(gray correlation,GC)法确定SNV、FDR、SDR为敏感光谱指标,采用偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)法和岭回归(ridge regression,RR)法,构建基于敏感光谱指标的土壤有机质高光谱反演模型,并对模型精度进行比较。结果表明:砂质土有机质含量的反演效果要优于黏壤土;基于SNV指标建立的模型决定系数R~2和相对分析误差RPD均为最高、均方根误差RMSE最低,所以SNV是土壤有机质的最佳光谱反演指标;对SNV-PLSR模型和SNV-RR模型综合比较得出,SNV-RR模型仅用全谱4%左右的波段建模,实现了更为理想的反演效果:其中,对砂质土有机质的预测能力极强(R_p~2为0.866,RMSE为0.610 g/kg、RPD为2.72),对黏壤土有机质的预测能力很好(Rp2为0.863,RMSE为0.898 g/kg、RPD为2.37)。荒漠土壤有机质GC-SNV-RR反演模型的建立为高光谱模型的优化、土壤有机质的快速测定提供了一种新的途径。     

玉米茎秆汁液对黄土坡面产沙速率的影响及原因分析

利用人工模拟降雨试验研究了玉米茎秆汁液对黄土坡面产沙速率的影响及其原因。试验设计了4种不同的土样处理方式（control、添加25%浓度的汁液、添加50%浓度的汁液、添加25%浓度汁液经过一个冬季的冻融降解）在4种不同雨强（25,50,75,100 mm/h）下对产沙速率的影响,分析了4种不同处理后土样的土壤团聚体、有机质跟产沙速率的关系。结果表明:（1）添加玉米茎秆汁液对产沙速率是有明显的抑制作用的,玉米茎秆汁液通过增加土壤中 > 0.25 mm的团聚体和有机质实现减沙作用的。（2）4种处理后的土样中 > 5 mm的土壤团聚体和有机质是显著线性相关的,通过了0.01的显著性水平。在各种试验雨强（25,50,75,100 mm/h）下的产沙速率与 > 0.25 mm的土壤团聚体、有机质都具有显著线性负相关关系,通过了0.01的显著性检验。     

Changes in forest soil organic matter pools after a decade of elevated CO2 and O3

The impact of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) may be mitigated, in part, by enhanced rates of net primary production and greater C storage in plant biomass and soil organic matter (SOM). However, C sequestration in forest soils may be offset by other environmental changes such as increasing tropospheric ozone (O₃) or vary based on species-specific growth responses to elevated CO₂. To understand how projected increases in atmospheric CO₂ and O₃ alter SOM formation, we used physical fractionation to characterize soil C and N at the Rhinelander Free Air CO₂-O₃ Enrichment (FACE) experiment. Tracer amounts of ¹⁵NH₄⁺ were applied to the forest floor of Populus tremuloides, P. tremuloides-Betula papyrifera and P. tremuloides-Acer saccharum communities exposed to factorial CO₂ and O₃ treatments. The ¹⁵N tracer and strongly depleted ¹³C-CO₂ were traced into SOM fractions over four years. Over time, C and N increased in coarse particulate organic matter (cPOM) and decreased in mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) under elevated CO₂ relative to ambient CO₂. As main effects, neither CO₂ nor O₃ significantly altered ¹⁵N recovery in SOM. Elevated CO₂ significantly increased new C in all SOM fractions, and significantly decreased old C in fine POM (fPOM) and MAOM over the duration of our study. Overall, our observations indicate that elevated CO₂ has altered SOM cycling at this site to favor C and N accumulation in less stable pools, with more rapid turnover. Elevated O₃ had the opposite effect, significantly reducing cPOM N by 15% and significantly increasing the C:N ratio by 7%. Our results demonstrate that CO₂ can enhance SOM turnover, potentially limiting long-term C sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems; plant community composition is an important determinant of the magnitude of this response.     

Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different pH

The aim of this work was to determine the magnitude of the priming effect, i.e. short-term changes in the rate (negative or positive) of mineralisation of native soil organic carbon (C), following addition of biochars. The biochars were made from Miscanthus giganteus, a C4 plant, naturally enriched with ¹³C. The biochars were produced at 350 °C (biochar350) and 700 °C (biochar700) and applied with and without ryegrass as a substrate to a clay-loam soil at pH 3.7 and 7.6. A secondary aim was to determine the effect of ryegrass addition on the mineralisation of the two biochars.After 87 days, biochar350 addition caused priming effects equivalent to 250 and 319 μg CO₂-C g⁻¹ soil, in the low and high pH soil, respectively. The largest priming effects occurred at the start of the incubations. The size of the priming effect was decreased at higher biochar pyrolysis temperatures, which may be a way of controlling priming effects following biochar incorporation to soil, if desired. The priming effect was probably induced by the water soluble components of the biochar. At 87 days of incubation, 0.14% and 0.18% of biochar700 and 0.61% and 0.84% of biochar350 were mineralized in the low and high pH soil, respectively. Ryegrass addition gave an increased biochar350 mineralisation of 33% and 40%, and increased biochar700 at 137% and 70%, in the low and high pH soils, respectively. Certainly, on the basis of our results, if biochar is used to sequester carbon a priming effect may occur, increasing CO₂-C evolved from soil and decreasing soil organic C. However, this will be more than compensated for by the increased soil C caused by biochar incorporation. A similar conclusion holds for accelerated mineralisation of biochar due to incorporation of fresh labile substrates. We consider that our results are the first to unequivocally demonstrate the initiation, progress and termination of a true positive priming effect by biochar on native soil organic C.     

沼肥对大豆产量、品质、养分和土壤化学性质的影响

为探讨沼肥在大豆上的合理施用技术,采用田间试验,研究沼肥对大豆产量、品质、养分吸收利用及土壤化学性质的影响。结果表明：与习惯施肥处理相比,100%沼渣、30%沼渣＋化肥、20%沼渣＋化肥处理的大豆产量分别增加1.02%,10.48%,0.16%;大豆粗脂肪含量分别增加2.31%,2.70%,5.07%;磷肥利用率分别增加5.04%,23.39%,8.60%;土壤有机质含量分别升高13.39%,3.68%,0.50%;20-80 cm土层内土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量降低幅度分别在13.70%～61.56%,15.98%～70.10%之间。说明试验条件下,无论沼渣单施还是沼渣与化肥配施均可提高大豆粗脂肪含量、磷肥利用率、土壤有机质含量,降低氮素的流失。     

硅酸盐对污染土壤铬、铅形态和小白菜吸收分布及其健康风险的影响

为保障蔬菜的品质安全,通过土壤盆裁试验,研究硅酸盐对Cr、Pb单一污染及Cr-Pb复合污染土壤中小白菜(Brassica chinensis)的生物量、土壤中Cr、Pb形态及小白菜体内Cr、Pb积累量的影响.结果表明,在受到较高水平的Cr～Pb污染时,小白菜对Pb的富集能力要明显高于Cr,被小白菜吸收的Cr、Pb都主要累积在根部.施用硅酸盐能通过减少土壤中有效态Cr、Pb的含量,从而减少小白菜对Cr、Pb的吸收,且施用效果明显,其中2.0 g/kg效果最好,但该处理严重抑制小白菜生长,不适于生产应用.而Si_1处理(1.00 g/kg)能在不影响产量的前提下极显著地降低小白菜茎中Cr、Pb的质量分数,并使叶中Pb的质量分数降至国家标准限量值附近或低于限量值,因此该处理在生产上极具应用前景.     

河岸带耕地降雨径流产流特征分析

在孟津黄河漫滩的河岸带上开展了野外定位观测,研究了自然降雨情况下,河岸林地转变成农耕地前后降雨地表径流产流的污染特征。结果表明,河岸滩区具有较强的土壤人渗能力,径流产流的次降雨量临界值为20mm;滩区径流系数相对偏小：耕地平均3．5％,林地平均2．0％;在耕地开垦初期,由于雨滴的直接溅蚀,表土存在“板结”现象,径流系数增加较为明显。河岸滩区的降雨径流呈弱碱性（pH=8．0—9．5）,且盐分含量偏高;耕地径流和林地径流水质的差异表现在耕地径流具有较低的高锰酸盐指数和总氮含量;由于耕地的径流产生量明显大于林地,耕地径流的污染物（土壤颗粒物、有机物、总氮和总磷）产生总量约是林地径流的1．5-3．0倍。土壤翻动后的首次降雨通常会引起耕地较平时5—10倍的土壤颗粒物和总磷流失。林改耕后,径流颗粒物和总磷含量较参照耕地平均增加3倍,成为滨河漫滩农田开垦初期的应首要控制的污染物。河岸滩区在河岸缓冲、屏障和面源污染物削减方面具有重要的水文生态功能,因此在河岸滩区的开发进程中,应注重加强对原生河岸带的生态保护与管理。