Changes in soil organic carbon in a clay loam soil following ploughing and reseeding of permanent grassland under temperate moist climatic conditions

This study investigated changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) in a poorly drained clay loam soil under (i) permanent grassland (PG) over 7 years and (ii) after PG renovation over 2·5 years. The experimental area was divided into four blocks with four paddocks per block. Composite soil samples from each PG block were taken to 30‐cm depth on five occasions between 2004 and 2011. In June 2008, one paddock per block was renovated by ploughing and reseeding and sampled as above on the latter four occasions. Renovation decreased SOC (P < 0·05) by 32·2 t ha^?1 in the 2·5 years following ploughing; the difference developed almost entirely (86%) in the first four months. Renovation had no effect on above‐ground productivity, standing root and stubble phytomass or on dissolved organic matter leaching. Therefore, soil respiration was considered to be a single potential pathway responsible for the SOC loss from renovated grassland. Although a simple linear regression indicated a tendency for PG to accumulate SOC, there was no evidence of recovery in SOC to previous levels following renovation during the study period. These results could have implications for greenhouse gas inventories in countries where PG is an important land‐use type.     

集约化种植砖红壤养分变化分析

调查分析位于广东省湛江农垦属下华海公司、南华农场、红星农场、丰收公司、广前公司、五一农场、湖光农场和友好农场等8个单位1 918个土样的养分状况,与第二次土壤普查比较,对比集约化种植后砖红壤肥力变化。结果发现：pH呈下降趋势,即有土壤酸化特征;土壤有机质含量总体呈现较高水平,但也呈现下降趋势;土壤全氮总体仍处于中等偏上水平;土壤有效磷含量明显提高,总体处于良好水平;土壤速效钾含量有很大程度增加,但仍处于中等水平。     

喷施铁和有机酸防治菠萝叶片黄化及其对产量的影响研究

采用大田试验方法,以中国菠萝主栽品种‘巴厘’为试材,研究了叶面喷施柠檬酸、硫酸亚铁、硫酸亚铁＋柠檬酸、柠檬酸铁、柠檬酸铁铵对菠萝叶片总铁、活性铁、叶绿素含量及菠萝生长和产量影响,为防治菠萝叶片黄化提供依据。试验结果表明,6.67%硫酸亚铁溶液、0.2%柠檬酸溶液pH值均在2.80以下,叶面喷施酸性溶液提高了菠萝叶片活性铁、叶绿素含量,能促进菠萝生长,提高菠萝产量;柠檬酸铁在常温下难溶于水,对提高菠萝叶片活性铁、叶绿素含量及促进菠萝生长和提高产量效果不显著;柠檬酸铁铵、柠檬酸＋硫酸亚铁都能显著提高菠萝叶片全铁、活性铁及叶绿素含量,增加菠萝叶片数、D叶长度、宽度及产量,能有效防治菠萝叶片黄化。     

转植酸酶基因（phyA2）玉米磷素营养的初步研究

在大田栽培条件下研究3种转phyA2基因玉米C63、C83-1-7和C84-1-14对土壤有机磷的利用能力及玉米磷素营养状况。初步结果表明,转phyA2基因玉米能有效利用土壤有机磷,与阴性对照相比,转phyA2基因玉米生长发育状况更好,磷素积累量更多,可获得更高的生物量和子粒产量,转基因玉米C63、C83-1-7和C84-1-14单株磷积累量分别是阴性对照的7.8倍、1.6倍和2.5倍,单株子粒产量分别是阴性对照的5.5倍、1.5倍和2.1倍。在大田栽培条件下转phyA2基因玉米生长状况好于阴性对照。     

矿物质有机肥与化肥配施对甘肃河西绿灌区玉米产量构成的影响

在甘肃省河西绿洲灌区通过大田试验,研究矿物质有机肥与化肥配施对玉米产量构成的影响。结果表明,配施矿物质有机肥可以显著提高玉米的生物产量、子粒产量及肥料贡献率。与当前施肥水平比较,玉米在配施矿物质有机肥750 kg/hm²的条件下,化肥不减量和减量15%生物产量分别为38 647、36 869 kg/hm²,比单施化肥处理增产7.61%和2.66%;子粒产量分别为16 544、15 783 kg/hm²,增产7.56%、2.48%;肥料对生物产量贡献率分别为56.26%和49.07%,比单施化肥处理提高11.05和3.87个百分点,表明在配施矿物质有机肥750 kg/hm²的前提下,将氮、磷化肥施用量在当前水平上减量15%可以保证玉米子粒产量稳定在高产水平。     

Quantifying and simulating carbon and nitrogen mineralization from diverse exogenous organic matters

The potential contributions of exogenous organic matters (EOMs) to soil organic C and mineral N supply depend on their C and N mineralization, which can be assessed in laboratory incubations. Such incubations are essential to calibrate decomposition models, because not all EOMs can be tested in the field. However, EOM incubations are resource-intensive. Therefore, easily measurable EOM characteristics that can be useful to predict EOM behaviour are needed. We quantified C and N mineralization during the incubation of 663 EOMs from five groups (animal manures, composts, sewage sludges, digestates and others). This represents one of the largest and diversified set of EOM incubations. The C and N mineralization varied widely between and within EOM subgroups. We simulated C and N mineralization with a simple generic decomposition model. Three calibration methods were compared. Individual EOM calibration of the model yielded good model performances, while the use of a unique parameter set per EOM subgroup decreased the model performance, and the use of two EOM characteristics to estimate model parameters gave an intermediate model performance (average RMSE-C values of 32, 99 and 65 mg C g⁻¹ added C and average RMSE-N values of 50, 126 and 110 mg N g⁻¹ added N, respectively). Because of the EOM variability, individual EOM calibration based on incubation remains the recommended method for predicting most accurately the C and N mineralization of EOMs. However, the two alternative calibration methods are sufficient for the simulation of EOMs without incubation data to obtain reasonable model performances.     

几种环境因子对微拟球藻营养物质积累的影响

为探究光强、光质、氮、磷四种环境因子对微拟球藻营养物质积累的影响,设计以下试验:光强试验设置光强梯度为20、80、140和200 μmol photons·m^-2·s^-1;光质试验依照RGB原理,调节红、蓝、绿光比例分别为100%、50%、0%;氮浓度试验设置氮浓度梯度为55.40、13.85、3.46、1.73 mg·L^-1;磷浓度试验设置磷浓度梯度为8.96、2.24、0.56、0.28 mg·L^-1,统一初始接种密度并测定25 d时脂肪酸及色素组成、蛋白及可溶性糖浓度。结果显示,蛋白和可溶性糖浓度随着光强的增大而增大;200 μmol photons·m^-2·s^-1 光强下微拟球藻生长速率最快、生物量最高,且蛋白(5.17 mg·mL^-1)和可溶性糖(2.40 mg·mL^-1) 浓度最大;20 μmol photons·m^-2·s^-1光强下叶绿素a比例最大。光质试验表明,红光对于微拟球藻可溶性糖积累和生长有一定促进作用,其余光质比例对其生长无显著影响,绿光有利于β-胡萝卜素积累,但纯绿光显著抑制蛋白合成。氮浓度为55.40 mg·L^-1时微拟球藻不饱和脂肪酸和二十碳五烯酸占比均达到最大,分别为68.23%和20.50%,且随着氮浓度降低,微拟球藻生长速率、蛋白及还原糖含量均显著降低。同样,随着磷浓度降低,微拟球藻生长速率和蛋白含量均显著下降,磷浓度为2.24 mg·L^-1时更适宜积累可溶性糖。本研究可为微拟球藻在不同环境因子下的营养优化培养提供理论支撑,具有一定的应用意义和经济价值。     

A conceptual framework and an empirical test of complementarity and facilitation with respect to phosphorous uptake by plant species mixtures

Plant species have different traits for mobilizing sparingly soluble phosphorus (P) resources, which could potentially lead to overyielding in P uptake by plant species mixtures compared to monocultures due to higher P uptake as a result of resource (P) partitioning and facilitation. However, there is circumstantial evidence at best for overyielding as a result of these mechanisms. Overyielding (the outcome) is easily confused with underlying mechanisms because of unclear definitions. We aimed to define a conceptual framework to separate outcome from underlying mechanisms and test it for facilitation and complementarity with respect to P acquisition by three plant species combinations grown on four soils. Our conceptual framework describes both mechanisms of complementarity and facilitation and outcomes (overyielding of mixtures or no overyielding) depending on the competitive ability of the species to uptake the mobilized P. Millet/chickpea mixtures were grown in pots on two calcareous soils mixed with calcium-bound P (CaP) and phytate P (PhyP). Cabbage/faba bean mixtures were grown on both acid and neutral soils mixed with P-coated iron (hydr)oxide (FeP) and PhyP. Wheat/maize mixtures were grown on all four soils. Rhizosphere carboxylate concentration and acid phosphatase activity (mechanisms) as well as plant P uptake and biomass (outcome) were determined for monocultures rhizosphere and species mixtures. Facilitation of P uptake occurred in millet/chickpea mixtures on one calcareous soil. We found no indications for P acquisition from different P sources, neither in millet/chickpea, nor in cabbage/faba bean mixtures. Cabbage and faba bean on the neutral soil differed in rhizosphere acid phosphatase activity and carboxylate concentration, but showed no overyielding. Wheat and maize, with similar root exudates, showed overyielding (the observed P uptake being 22% higher than the expected P uptake) on one calcareous soil. We concluded that although differences in plant physiological traits (root exudates) provide necessary conditions for complementarity and facilitation with respect to P uptake from different P sources, they do not necessarily result in increased P uptake by species mixtures, because of the relative competitive ability of the mixed species.     

基于CARS-RUN-ELM算法的水稻叶片氮磷含量协同反演方法

同时反演氮、磷元素含量相对于单一元素反演可以更加全面地表达水稻的营养状况,为快速、准确获取水稻叶片氮、磷含量和精准变量施肥提供依据。该研究基于不同氮肥处理的田间小区试验,获取水稻叶片氮、磷含量数据,采用竞争性自适应重加权采样法（Competitive Adapative Reweighted Sampling,CARS）筛选氮素与磷素共同特征波长,以特征波长反射率为输入,以化学方法测得叶片氮、磷元素含量为输出,分别使用反向传播神经网络、极限学习机（Extreme Learning Machine,ELM）、龙格-库塔算法优化极限学习机（RUNge Kutta optimizer-Extreme Learning Machine,RUN-ELM）构建水稻叶片氮、磷含量反演模型并分析。结果表明：采用CARS方法有效去除了高光谱中大量无用、冗余信息,得到5个氮、磷元素共同特征波长,去除具有共线性的特征波长,最后筛选出的特征波长分别是451、488、780、813 nm。使用筛选后的特征波长反射率构建RUN-ELM水稻叶片氮、磷含量反演模型效果最好,氮素训练集的决定系数R2为0.690,均方根误差为0.669 mg/g,磷素训练集的决定系数R2为0.620,均方根误差为0.027 mg/g。通过对比,RUN-ELM在预测能力、模型稳定性上优于反向传播神经网络以及ELM模型。综上研究,基于CARS-RUN-ELM的水稻叶片氮、磷含量反演模型可以快速、准确获取水稻叶片氮、磷含量,可为水稻精准施肥提供参考。     

Methanotrophy-driven accumulation of organic carbon in four paddy soils of Bangladesh

Biological methane oxidation is a crucial process in the global carbon cycle that reduces methane emissions from paddy fields and natural wetlands into the atmosphere.However,soil organic carbon accumulation associated with microbial methane oxidation is poorly understood.Therefore,to investigate methane-derived carbon incorporation into soil organic matter,paddy soils originated from different parent materials(Inceptisol,Entisol,and Alfisol) were collected after rice harvesting from four major rice-producing regions in Bangladesh.Following microcosm incubation with 5%(volume/volume)¹³ CH₄,soil¹³ C-atom abundances significantly increased from background level of 1.08% to 1.88%–2.78%,leading to a net methane-derived accumulation of soil organic carbon ranging from 120 to 307 mg kg^-1.Approximately 23.6%–60.0% of the methane consumed was converted to soil organic carbon during microbial methane oxidation.The phylogeny of¹³ C-labeled pmoA(enconding the alpha subunit of the particulate methane monooxygenase) and 16 S rRNA genes further revealed that canonical α(type II) and γ(type I) Proteobacteria were active methane oxidizers.Members within the Methylobacter-and Methylosarcina-affiliated type Ia lineages dominated active methane-oxidizing communities that were responsible for the majority of methane-derived carbon accumulation in all three paddy soils,while Methylocystis-affiliated type IIa lineage was the key contributor in one paddy soil of Inceptisol origin.These results suggest that methanotroph-mediated synthesis of biomass plays an important role in soil organic matter accumulation.This study thus supports the concept that methanotrophs not only consume the greenhouse gas methane but also serve as a key biotic factor in maintaining soil fertility.