贺兰山西坡不同海拔梯度草地土壤磷特征及其影响因素

对贺兰山西坡不同海拔的不同类型草地土壤磷素的空间分布特征以及环境及植被因素对土壤磷素的影响进行了研究。结果表明,0-10和10-20 cm土层土壤全磷(TP)含量随着海拔由高到低而显著降低;两土层中,土壤全磷与土壤有机碳、土壤中0.05 mm粘粉粒含量及植被盖度之间呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),土壤全磷沿土壤剖面的垂直分布没有一致规律性;土壤速效磷含量随着海拔高度和草地类型的变化没有呈现出一定的变化规律,两土层中土壤速效磷/全磷比值(AP/TP)与土壤pH值以及年平均气温呈显著正相关(P＜0.05),说明该区土壤pH值和温度的变化能显著影响土壤磷的活化;多数样地0-10 cm土层速效磷显著高于10-20 cm土层,可能归因于植物对磷素的表聚作用。     

盐碱胁迫下碱地肤体内的有机酸积累及其草酸代谢特点

本研究对碱地肤幼苗进行盐胁迫或碱胁迫动态处理,通过分析碱地肤的有机酸含量及草酸代谢相关酶活性等指标,以探讨碱地肤的有机酸积累及草酸代谢调控机制的特点。结果表明,随着碱胁迫时间的延长,碱地肤体内草酸等7种有机酸均有所积累,草酸为主的有机酸的大量积累可能与碱胁迫(高pH)密切相关,它们可能起到离子平衡和pH调节的双重作用。碱地肤积累的草酸并非主要来源于抗坏血酸分解途径。此外,磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPcase)参与催化的草酰乙酸裂解途径也不是草酸合成的主要途径。实验确定草酸合成的关键酶是乙醇酸氧化酶(GO)。草酸分解的草酸氧化酶(OxO)活性高低不是内源草酸积累量的关键因子。综上推断,碱地肤体内草酸的大量积累与其OxO分解无关,而是主要取决于其合成的GO关键酶。     

转录组解析白三叶根际溶磷菌株RW8的解磷机制

采用转录组测序的方法分析了白三叶根际溶磷菌RW8在含有难溶磷(A组)、可溶磷(B组)与无磷(C组)培养条件下差异基因表达。以可溶磷为对照,在难溶磷条件下,分别检测到4782个基因在RW8中上调表达,447个基因下调表达;在无磷组中,共检测到3630个基因上调表达,209个基因下调表达。GO基因注释发现RW8在A组和C组中的差异基因聚类基本相同。生物学过程主要聚类在代谢过程、细胞过程、单细胞过程、刺激应答、定位以及生物反应调节;细胞组分主要聚类在细胞组分、细胞膜、膜组分与高分子配合体等;分子功能主要聚类在催化活性、结合功能与转运功能。代谢途径分析发现2-α-氧代羧、α-亚麻酸、五碳二元酸、脂肪酸、甘氨酸-丝氨酸-蛋氨酸以及缬氨酸-亮氨酸-异亮氨酸等代谢途径的基因显著被富集。挑选10个差异基因并用荧光定量检测其在A、B、C 3种不同培养条件下的基因表达,发现所有挑选基因的表达变化与转录组结果变化趋势相同。液相色谱检测有机酸组成及含量,发现在A组和C组中乳酸、琥珀酸与柠檬酸显著高于B组,富马酸与苹果酸的含量在C组中显著升高, A组与B组差异不显著;α-酮戊二酸的含量在A组中显著增高, B组和C组差异不显著。     

Effect of High Concentrations of Cholecalciferol on Growth,Bone Mineralization,and Mineral Retention in Broiler Chicks Fed Suboptimal Concentrations of Calcium and Nonphytate Phosphorus

An experiment was conducted to examine the effects of supplementing high concentrations (200 vs. 1,200, 2,400, and 3,600 ICU/kg) of cholecalciferol (CC) on performance, bone mineralization, and mineral retention in broiler chickens (2 to 42 d of age) fed a basal diet containing suboptimal concentrations of Ca and nonphytate P (NPP; 0.5 and 0.25%, respectively). A reference diet (RD) containing recommended levels of Ca, NPP, and CC was considered as control. Each diet was fed ad libitum to 21 replicates containing 5 birds in each. Body weight gain, feed efficiency, tibia ash, and serum Ca and inorganic P decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in broilers fed suboptimal concentrations of Ca and NPP compared with those fed the RD. The BW gain (2,400 ICU/kg) and feed efficiency, leg abnormality score, and bone mineralization characteristics (3,600 ICU/kg) in broilers fed suboptimal concentrations of Ca and NPP with high concentrations of CC were similar to those fed the RD. The concentrations of Zn, Mn, Fe, and Cu in liver increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increase in concentrations of CC in the basal diet. Based on the results, it is concluded that performance and bone mineralization in broilers could be maintained with suboptimal concentrations of Ca and NPP (0.5 and 0.25%, respectively) and higher concentrations of CC (3,600 ICU/kg) in the diet.     

Safety of Improved Milbond-TX When Fed in Broiler Diets Limiting in Available Phosphorus or Containing Variable Levels of Metabolizable Energy

Improved Milbond-TX (IMTX), a hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate, was added to broiler diets at 0, 1, or 2% in 2 experiments. In experiment 1, three concentrations of available P, 0.22, 0.32, and 0.42%, were combined with the IMTX in isocaloric and isonitrogenous corn-soybean meal-based diets and fed to male broilers for 21 d. In experiment 2, the IMTX was added to isonitrogenous broiler diets calculated to contain 2,940, 3,020, or 3,100 kcal of ME/kg and also fed for 21 d. Deficient dietary P reduced feed intake and BW at 7, 14, and 21 d of age, but IMTX had no effect even when fed at 8 times the amount recommended by the manufacturer (0.25%) to ameliorate the toxic effects of feed mycotoxins. Similarly, increasing the energy level of the diet resulted in improved BW and feed conversion, but IMTX fed at 8 times the amount recommended by the manufacturer had no detrimental effect on chick performance. There was no interaction found between IMTX and energy or available P for any performance measure. Addition of IMTX to the diet above the recommended concentration of the manufacturer also had no detrimental effect on percentage of toe ash or excreta moisture.     

施磷对苜蓿抗蓟马的影响

为了明确施磷是否能有效提高苜蓿对蓟马的耐害性,以感蓟马苜蓿品种甘农3号和抗蓟马苜蓿品种甘农9号为材料,设0,6,12,18(P₂O₅) g/m²等4个磷水平,在大田蓟马为害高峰期,评价和测定了不同磷水平处理下苜蓿的受害指数、植株磷含量和农艺性状。结果表明,随着磷水平的升高,甘农3号和甘农9号植株的磷含量增加,受害指数均明显降低,株高、产量及叶片含水量增加,茎叶比下降;植株磷含量、叶片的含水量均与苜蓿的受害指数呈负相关关系,但第2茬植株磷含量与苜蓿的受害指数相关性不显著(P>0.05),茎叶比与苜蓿的受害指数呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。相同磷水平处理下,第1茬甘农9号的受害指数均显著低于甘农3号(P<0.05);第2茬在12(P₂O₅) g/m²和18(P₂O₅) g/m²处理下,甘农9号的受害指数与甘农3号差异不显著(P>0.05);施磷后甘农3号的受害指数均低于未施磷甘农9号的受害指数。磷元素可通过提高苜蓿生长性能来提高苜蓿对蓟马的耐害性;在大田条件下,通过施磷管理来提高感虫苜蓿品种对蓟马的耐害性是一种有效的措施;12(P₂O₅) g/m²是本试验中最经济有效的施肥量。     

专用有机肥对荒漠植物梭梭的生长及耐旱性的影响

本研究探讨了武威市凉州区(中沙村、王庄村、长城乡)梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)大田育苗时施用专用有机肥及与化学肥料混合施用对梭梭生长和耐旱性的影响。结果表明,1)施专用有机肥显著增加梭梭株高、分枝数、层数、主茎直径、冠幅、鲜重和干重;2)中沙村样地中施专用有机肥使梭梭地上部的Na+含量显著增加(P0.05);王庄村样地中施专用有机肥+磷酸二铵+尿素的处理显著增加了梭梭地上部的Na+、K+含量;长城乡样地中施专用有机肥+磷酸二铵+尿素处理使梭梭地上部K+含量显著降低(P0.05);3)施专用有机肥既节约成本又可减少化学肥料的使用。因此,施专用有机肥不仅促进梭梭生长,而且提高其耐旱性。     

外源一氧化氮(NO)对低温胁迫下南瓜幼苗氧化损伤的保护效应

探讨外源 NO 供体硝普钠(SNP)对冷害胁迫下南瓜生长和氧化损伤的内在机制。以南瓜银辉2号和青栗为材料,通过室内人工模拟低温逆境的方法,研究 SNP(100 μmol/L)对冷害胁迫下南瓜幼苗生长、叶绿体色素含量、有机渗透调节物质含量及活性氧代谢的影响。结果表明,冷害导致南瓜幼苗活性氧积累增加,膜质过氧化加剧,光合色素含量下降,渗透调节能力降低,从而显著抑制南瓜幼苗的生长;正常生长条件下, SNP显著提高了超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性,显著增加幼苗地上和地下部干重及谷胱甘肽(GSH)、过氧化氢(H₂O₂)、类胡萝卜素和氨基酸总量;8 ℃/5 ℃(昼/夜)的低温胁迫下,叶面喷施外源100 μmol/L NO供体硝普钠(SNP),促进了植株生长和干物质积累,显著提高了叶片SOD、POD、APX 和GR的活性以及Pro和可溶性糖含量,减少了H₂O₂和膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛(MDA)的积累;外源NO明显提高了南瓜叶片叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量、抗坏血酸(ASA)、GSH和可溶性蛋白及氨基酸总量。低温胁迫下,外源NO通过促进抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化剂及有机渗透调节物质含量的提高,降低H₂O₂和MDA的积累,保护了细胞膜结构的稳定性,维持了冷害下南瓜幼苗碳氮代谢的正常进行,增强了南瓜的抗冷性。试验条件下,NO对银辉2号的促进作用大于青栗。     

氮、磷养分添加对高寒草甸土壤酶活性的影响

本试验以典型的青藏高原高寒矮嵩草草甸(Kobresia humilis meadow)为研究平台,以表征土壤碳、氮、磷、硫养分循环的6种土壤酶为研究对象,研究土壤酶以及土壤速效养分在4年氮、磷养分添加的累积效应下的变化规律,分析和评价氮、磷养分添加对土壤养分循环方面的影响。试验结果为:氮、磷养分添加改变了土壤中速效养分的含量;氮添加与010 cm土层中的碱性磷酸酶活性有正效应,磷添加抑制了010 cm土层中的碱性磷酸酶活性;氮、磷养分添加均抑制了010 cm土层中的脲酶活性;氮添加抑制了2个土层中的纤维素酶活性;芳基硫酸酯酶活性和蔗糖酶活性没有表现出显著差异性;1020 cm土层中的几丁质酶活性在氮、磷养分添加处理下均增强,其中磷添加对几丁质酶活性的增幅最显著。结果表明:外源添加的氮在调控磷的矿化方面有促进作用,磷的添加对氮素的释放也有一定的作用;青藏高原高寒草甸受磷限制的程度可能更大。