返滴定法测定蜂胶中游离酸含量

建立测定蜂胶品中游离酸含量的方法.采用弱碱溶解蜂胶再酸化萃取的方法纯化样品,用返滴法测定,以水杨酸作为对照品检测样品中游离酸含量.结果测定了5个不同产地的蜂胶样品,游离酸含量在1.89～6.54%范围内,回收率为99.30%.本方法操作简单,重现性好,有助于蜂胶质量的鉴别.     

奶牛的有机锌应用效果研究进展

就有机锌对奶牛的营养作用效果、影响有机锌作用效果的因素进行综述。认为添加有机锌可提高奶牛的产奶性能、免疫机能、繁殖性能,改善体健康。同时影响有机锌作用效果的因素有:有机锌的产品质量、添加量和添加时期、饲料营养水平、参照物类型和评价指标等。     

No easy solution for the fractionation of faecal nitrogen in captive wild herbivores: results of a pilot study

Faecal nitrogen (FN) concentration is used as a marker for habitat quality and digestive efficiency in free‐ranging herbivores. In herbivores, FN can be separated into undigested plant N (analysed as the N concentration of the neutral detergent residue) and metabolic faecal N (MFN). It has been suggested that by differential analysis of the faecal fibre‐bound N, the MFN fraction can be further split into a bacterial N and an endogenous N fraction [Hesta et al., Br. J. Nutr. 90 (2003) 1007]. We applied these methods to 96 faecal samples of 48 mammalian herbivore species from zoos. Species were grouped into coprophageous and non‐coprophageous hindgut fermenters and ruminating and non‐ruminating foregut fermenters. Diet was not controlled. The FN decreased with body mass, possibly reflecting higher proportions of concentrates in diets of smaller animals. The proportion of MFN increased with FN, indicating that higher quality food might enhance the gastrointestinal bacterial flora. The only outlier to this pattern was the lesser panda (Ailurus fulgens), confirming the low relevance of fermentative digestion in this herbivorous ‘carnivore’. No relevant differences between the four digestion types were noted. The proportion of endogenous faecal N (32–80% of FN) was always higher than that of bacterial faecal N (7–30%), which contradicts basal understanding of herbivore digestive physiology. Thus, the method of Hesta et al. (2003) does not appear applicable to herbivores. While the results do not exclude the possibility that detailed differences might occur between digestion types, they indicate a high degree of similarity between herbivores that rely on bacterial fermentation, regardless of their digestion type, with respect to metabolic faecal losses.     

Effects of dietary additives (potassium diformate/organic acids) as well as influences of grinding intensity (coarse/fine) of diets for weaned piglets experimentally infected with Salmonella Derby or Escherichia coli

The aim of this study was to examine whether and to what extent the addition of potassium diformate (pdf) or free organic acids (fpa) to the diet and the grinding intensity might affect the course of infection and the passage of orally applied Salmonella and Escherichia coli in pigs. Experiments were carried out using 80 reared piglets allotted to four groups. Pigs were fed pelleted diets ad libitum (except during a 15 h feed‐withholding‐period before infection). The control diet contained finely ground cereals (2 mm screen). To two test diets (also finely ground) 1.2% pdf, 0.9% organic acids (75% formic and 25% propionic acid, fpa) respectively were added. The fourth diet (without acids) was based on coarsely ground cereals (6‐mm screen). After experimental infection alternately with S. Derby or E. coli, the course of infection was examined (rectal swab technique). Pigs were sacrificed 4–5 h after a further oral application of ～10⁹–10¹⁰ CFU S. Derby or E. coli to determine the counts of Salmonella or E. coli in chyme (classical culture methods). Adding pdf or fpa to the diet led to reduced Salmonella shedding and resulted in significantly lower counts of Salmonella and E. coli in the stomach content indicating an improved efficacy of the stomach barrier. In the distal parts of the digestive tract, the effect was less obvious concerning counts of E. coli, whereas counts of Salmonella were reduced markedly as well. The diet based on coarsely ground cereals failed to demonstrate positive effects concerning infection and passage of orally applied bacteria as well, but this diet was also pelleted and showed unintentionally, comparable amounts of fine particles. Results obtained in this study allow the recommendation of using pdf or organic acids as additives when dietary measures against Salmonella or E. coli in pigs are required.     

The effect of genotype,choice feeding,and season on organically reared broilers fed diets devoid of synthetic methionine

In response to the impending ban on synthetic methionine in organic poultry diets, researchers have focused on finding alternative strategies to supply this amino acid. The objectives of this study were to assess performance and carcass characteristics of broilers fed diets devoid of synthetic methionine by using 1) a slow-growing and a fast-growing genotype, 2) choice-feeding management (supplying grain and a complementary premix in 2 separate feeders), and 3) pasture access and seasonal variation. Inclusion of fish meal and high percentages of soybean meal enabled the specific genotype methionine requirement to be met. All diets were certified organic. The experiment was conducted during the grower and finisher phases in 4 different seasons: late fall, spring, summer, and early fall. Pasture access was assessed either by housing broilers on the West Virginia University Organic farm and giving them outdoor access, or by housing broilers on the West Virginia University Animal Sciences farm and giving them no outdoor access. Fast-growing genotypes were superior in performance and carcass characteristics compared with slow-growing genotypes, and choice-feeding management did not improve performance or carcass characteristics. Pasture access tended to have no effect on slow-growing broilers and decreased the performance of fast-growing broilers. Performance was decreased in late fall, likely because of cold ambient temperatures.     

包膜氮肥配施不同用量钾肥对多年生黑麦草植株生理指标及产量的影响

通过盆栽试验研究包膜氮肥配施不同用量钾肥对多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)生长特性及产量的影响,以期明确适宜黑麦草生长的最佳施肥配比。结果表明,与普通尿素相比,包膜氮肥显著提高了黑麦草植株SPAD值、株高、叶面积、净光合速率(P <0.05),明显延长了黑麦草绿期,防止早衰。施用等量钾肥条件下,包膜氮肥处理比普通尿素处理4次刈割的SPAD值分别提高11.2%、 6.9%、 33.6%和195.2%,株高分别增加14.1%、 6.0%、 25.1%和85.4%。包膜氮肥处理较普通尿素处理的干草产量提高了12.4%～25.0%。包膜氮肥配施中量钾肥处理能最大程度增加叶面积指数和净光合速率,提高黑麦草产量,因此推荐作为最佳施肥配比,为黑麦草的氮钾肥合理施用提供理论依据。     

氮磷肥对3种牧草的生长效应和氮磷吸收的影响

采用田间试验,单因素随机区组排列,以豆科牧草柱花草和禾本科牧草扭黄茅和孔颖草为试验材料,研究适量氮磷肥的施用对3种牧草旺盛期生长及土壤氮磷吸收的影响和效果。试验结果表明,与未施氮磷肥比较,氮磷的施用有利柱花草、扭黄茅和孔颖草旺盛期(7-9月)的生长,3种牧草物候期有所延迟,可以提高3种牧草旺盛期绝对生长量,显著增加了孔颖草总生物量和氮吸收量(P<0.05)。与未施氮肥对比,施氮(施纯氮120 kg·hm^-2)有利柱花草和孔颖草对氮的吸收,显著提高柱花草含氮量和孔颖草氮的吸收量(P<0.05),促进柱花草和孔颖草的生长,提高柱花草和孔颖草地上部和地下部生物量,提高扭黄茅地上部的生长量和生物量。与未施磷肥对比,施磷(施纯磷75 kg·hm^-2)显著提高孔颖草氮的吸收量(P<0.05)。本研究为3种牧草和其他牧草氮磷的施用提供理论依据,即:适量的氮磷施用有利3种牧草产量的提高。     

Effects of feeding and animal performance on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium excretion by Holstein cows

Thirty‐four Holstein dry cows and 16 lactating cows were used in balance trials to identify the effects of feeding and animal performance on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) excretion by dairy cows, and to develop prediction models for these excreta. Orchard grass silage, corn silage, alfalfa silage or timothy hay were offered to dry cows. Orchard grass silage or alfalfa silage, and concentrates were offered to lactating cows. In the statistical analysis, the independent variables were bodyweight (kg), dry matter (DM) intake (kg/day), milk yield (for lactating cows only, kg/day), water intake (free water plus water in feed, kg/day), intake (g/day) of N, P and K and dietary contents (% of DM) of crude protein, P and K. The dependent variables were N, P and K excretion (g/day) in feces and urine. In both dry and lactating cows, intake of N, P and K had large effects on corresponding excretion. The results indicated that a decrease in the intake of N, P and K could decrease the corresponding excretion. Further research by path analysis showed that K intake positively affected urinary N excretion in dry cows indirectly, through water intake and urine volume.     

藏北高原退化高寒草甸土壤团聚体有机碳变化特征

采用湿筛法对藏北高原退化高寒草甸表层(0~10cm)、亚表层(10~20cm)土壤团聚体有机碳及其变化进行了研究。结果表明,高原冷湿环境中退化草地表层、亚表层SAOC的下降幅度随草地退化加剧均趋于显著提高,轻度、严重退化草地表层各粒级SAOC降幅均明显高于亚表层;草地退化缩小了不同土层间SAOC含量的差异,草地退化程度越高则表层、亚表层间SAOC含量的差异越小,退化草地大团聚体(0.25mm)SOC、微团聚体(0.25mm)SOC含量的土层分布亦呈相同趋势。轻度退化草地不同土层大团聚体SOC降幅均较高,严重退化草地不同土层微团聚体SOC降幅则较高;正常草地、轻度退化草地、严重退化草地表层大团聚体SOC/微团聚体SOC比值分别为0.95,0.87,1.55,亚表层分别为0.96,0.72,2.33,表明轻度、严重退化草地中大团聚体SOC含量随土层加深分别更趋下降、更趋提高。退化草地表层、亚表层SAOC贡献率在总体上亦均按2~0.25 mm,2 mm,0.25~0.053mm,0.053mm的顺序依次大幅降低,表明不同土层大团聚体SOC贡献率均较高。土壤团聚体与SAOC、SOC与SAOC间的关系受草地退化程度的影响。