Response of organically managed grassland to available phosphorus and potassium in the soil and supplementary fertilization: field trials using grass–clover leys cut for silage

Abstract. Effective use and recycling of manures together with occasional and judicious use of supplementary fertilizing materials forms the basis for management of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) within organic farming systems. Replicated field trials were established at three sites across the UK to compare the supply of P and K to grass–clover swards cut for silage from a range of fertilizing materials, and to assess the usefulness of routine soil tests for P and K in organic farming systems. None of the fertilizing materials (farmyard manure, rock phosphate, Kali vinasse, volcanic tuff) significantly increased silage yields, nor was P offtake increased. However, farmyard manure and Kali vinasse proved effective sources of K to grass and clover in the short to medium term. Available P (measured as Olsen-P) showed no clear relationship with crop P offtake in these trials. In contrast, available K (measured by ammonium nitrate extraction) proved a useful measurement to predict K availability to crops and support K management decisions.     

香菇棉秆粉代料栽培规模化生产试验

在实验研究的基础上,成功地进行了棉秆粉代料栽培香菇的规模化生产试验.试验结果表明,棉秆粉代替木屑栽培香菇是完全可行的,但出菇后期营养不足、容易散袋,导致出菇期短,产量低.若在培养料中加入一定量的木屑,则可调节培养料的营养结构,增强料袋的紧实度,提高保水性能,菌丝生长快,香菇产量高,花菇率高.试验表明,培养料中木屑含量在20%左右时,香菇产量最高,效益最佳.     

Long-term effects of lantana residue additions on water retention and transmission properties of a medium-textured soil under rice–wheat cropping in northwest India

Abstract. Hydraulic properties of soils after rice cropping are generally unfavourable for wheat cultivation. Poor drainage, delayed planting and oxygen stress in the root zone may adversely affect the wheat crop after lowland rice cultivation. We studied long-term effects of lantana ( Lantana spp. L.) residue additions at 10, 20 and 30 t ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (fresh biomass) on physical properties of a silty clay loam soil under rice–wheat cropping in northwest India. At the end of ten cropping cycles, soil water retention, infiltration rate, saturated hydraulic conductivity and drying rate of soil increased significantly with lantana additions. The available water capacity (AWC), on volume basis, declined at rice harvest (from 22.0 to 18.8–20.9%), but increased at wheat harvest (from 12.9 to 13.4–15.0%) after lantana treatment. The volumes of water transmission (>50 μm) and storage pores (0.5–50 μm) were greater, while the volume of residual pores (<0.5 μm) was smaller in lantana-treated plots than in controls at both rice and wheat harvest. Infiltration rate in the lantana-treated soil was 1.6–7.9 times that of the control (61 mm d⁻¹) at rice harvest, and 2–4.1 times that of the control (1879 mm d⁻¹) at wheat harvest. Thus lantana addition improved soil hydraulic properties to the benefit of the wheat crop in a rice–wheat cropping sequence.     

宜居山地土壤机械组成对有机碳含量的影响

 以位于适合人类居住黄海沿岸的大连市金州区大黑山松树林和玉米田为研究对象，分层采集土样，测定粘棕壤有机碳含量和机械组成。研究不同土地利用方式下土壤机械组成对有机碳含量的影响。结果表明：土壤有机碳含量的空间垂直分布总体上随着土壤深度增加而降低。松树林和玉米田土壤有机碳平均含量分别为7.619g/kg和5.971g/kg。土壤有机碳含量不同层次间差异极显著(P＜0.01)。土壤机械组成与有机碳含量呈现显著的相关关系。松树林土壤粉粒平均含量与有机碳平均含量的相关性最大(R²=0.8822)，玉米田土壤砂粒平均含量与有机碳平均含量的相关性最大(R²=0.9786)；松树林、玉米田土壤粘粒含量与有机碳平均含量的相关性最小（分别为R²=0.8186、0.6145）。粉粒在各层土壤中所占的平均含量(＞32%)最大。松树林土壤的粉粒和玉米田土壤的砂粒含量可以作为有机碳含量的一个预测因子，用来估计土壤有机碳的含量。     

人工流产刮宫物中绒毛膜促性腺激素的提取和纯化

以健康妇女人工流产的刮宫物为原料,经50%乙醇溶液抽提、醋酸钠50%乙醇缓冲溶液分级沉淀、硫酸铵分段盐析,最后用DEAE—纤维素柱层析纯化.终产品放免活性为3500IU/mg,产品总回收率为40～50mg‰.终产品经PAG圆盘电泳分析,只出现1条电泳区带,并与纯度相近的尿HCG产品的电泳特性一致.     

生态肥对蔬菜产量及品质的影响

采用具有生理活性物质、有益微生物菌群及丰富的有机物和大、中、微量元素配制成的稳得高生态肥，在蔬菜上进行肥效试验。稳得高生态肥在较大幅度减少化肥作量的基础上，能增加豇豆、甘蓝、辣椒和茄子的产量，改善品质，提高经济效益。     

Variation in Salinity Tolerance in Sunflower (Helianthus annum L.)

Forty-five accessions of sunflower collected from different countries were screened for salinity tolerance after 2 weeks growth in sand culture salinized with 150 meq l^?1 of NaCl₂+ CaCl₂ (1:1 ratio equivalent wt. basis) in half strength Hoagland's nutrient solution. The results for plant biomass of 45 accessions show that there was considerable variation in salinity tolerance. In a further greenhouse experiment, the salinity tolerance of three tolerant (HO-1, Predovik, Euroflor) and two sensitive (SMH-24, 9UO-985) lines (selected on the basis of their performance in the seedling experiment) was assessed at the adult stage to evaluate the consistency of salinity tolerance at different growth stages. All three salt tolerant accessions produced significantly greater plant biomass, seed yield and seed oil content than the salt sensitive accessions. The tolerant accessions accumulated less Cl^? and more K⁺ in the leaves under saline conditions compared with the salt sensitive accessions. The salt tolerant accessions also maintained relatively high leaf K:Na ratio and K⁺ versus Na⁺ selectivity. Although statistically nonsignificant, all three tolerant accessions had greater soluble carbohydrates, soluble proteins, total free amino acids and proline in the leaves than the sensitive accessions. A field trial conducted in a salt-affected field confirmed the greenhouse results of the selected accessions. This study shows that salinity tolerance of sunflower does not vary with stage of plant cycle, so selection for increased salt tolerance can be carried out at the initial growth stage. Secondly, it is found that there is great variation of salt tolerance in sunflower. Low uptake of Cl^?, high uptake of K⁺, and maintenance of high K:Na ratios and K⁺ versus Na⁺ selectivity in the leaves and possibly the accumulation of organic osmotica such as soluble carbohydrates, soluble proteins, proline and free amino acids seem to be the important components of salt tolerance in sunflower.     

Influence of organic carbon on reductive dechlorination of thiobencarb in California rice field soils

The herbicide thiobencarb is suspected of causing delayed phytotoxicity syndrome (DPS) in rice plants. While the ultimate agent appears to be its dechlorinated product (deschlorothiobencarb), the influence of organic carbon on the formation of deschlorothiobencarb in California rice field soils has not been investigated. Thus, two different soils were compared for their ability to reductively dechlorinate thiobencarb with carbon augmentation: one from the eastern Sacramento Valley, which has historically displayed DPS, and one from the western Sacramento Valley, which has not. Rice straw was homogenized into samples of each soil to produce 0, 0.33 or 2% organic carbon augmentation. During 90-days of anoxic incubation, substantial deschlorothiobencarb production was measured in both soil types. However, only the thiobencarb degradation rate in the eastern valley soil was positively correlated with carbon content. Thus, other characteristics of DPS-resistant soils may limit deschlorothiobencarb formation.     

Characterization of the sorption of an anthranilate fungicide in soil using thermal analytical and mineralogical techniques

The sorption of pesticides to soil particles has implications for their distribution and fate in the soil environment. A batch equilibrium technique was used to investigate sorption of the fungicide AEC623892 to intact and hydrogen-peroxide-treated whole soils and several particle-size fractions isolated from them. Sorption of AEC623892 to the soil as a whole was low. K(f oc) values measured in the whole soils were 169.2 and 41.9 ml g(-1) for Soil A and Soil B respectively. The highest values of K(f oc) were measured in soil particle-size fractions <53 microm (266.5 ml g(-1) in the 2-20 microm fraction of Soil A; 471.9 ml g(-1) in the 20-53 microm fraction of Soil B). Sorption was most irreversible in the 2-20 microm fractions. Overall, treatment of soil particle-size fractions with hydrogen peroxide resulted in lower values of K(f oc) (112.3 ml g(-1) in Soil A whole soil and 30.9 ml g(-1) in Soil B whole soil). In both soils, the maximum sorption among hydrogen-peroxide-treated samples was observed in the <2 microm fraction (166.6 and 311.0 ml g(-1) for Soil A and Soil B, respectively). Investigation of the mineralogical composition of the soils suggested that the clay mineralogy (dominated by kaolinite and illite) is less likely to account for the differences in sorption observed than differences in the characteristics of the soil organic matter. Thermal analysis of the different soil fractions indicated that hydrogen peroxide treatment preferentially removed aliphatic fractions of organic matter, but had less effect on lignin-like, aromatic fractions.     

返滴定法测定蜂胶中游离酸含量

建立测定蜂胶品中游离酸含量的方法.采用弱碱溶解蜂胶再酸化萃取的方法纯化样品,用返滴法测定,以水杨酸作为对照品检测样品中游离酸含量.结果测定了5个不同产地的蜂胶样品,游离酸含量在1.89～6.54%范围内,回收率为99.30%.本方法操作简单,重现性好,有助于蜂胶质量的鉴别.