Carbon dynamics determined by natural C abundance in microcosm experiments with soils from long-term maize and rye monocultures

Understanding carbon dynamics in soil is the key to managing soil organic matter. Our objective was to quantify the carbon dynamics in microcosm experiments with soils from long-term rye and maize monocultures using natural ¹³C abundance. Microcosms with undisturbed soil columns from the surface soil (0-25 cm) and subsoil (25-50 cm) of plots cultivated with rye (C₃-plant) since 1878 and maize (C₄-plant) since 1961 with and without NPK fertilization from the long-term experiment ‘Ewiger Roggen’ in Halle, Germany, were incubated for 230 days at 8 °C and irrigated with 2 mm 10⁻² M CaCl₂ per day. Younger, C₄-derived and older, C₃-derived percentages of soil organic carbon (SOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), microbial biomass (C_mic) and CO₂ from heterothropic respiration were determined by natural ¹³C abundance. The percentage of maize-derived carbon was highest in CO₂ (42-79%), followed by C_mic (23-46%), DOC (5-30%) and SOC (5-14%) in the surface soils and subsoils of the maize plots. The percentage of maize-derived C was higher for the NPK plot than for the unfertilized plot and higher for the surface soils than for the subsoils. Specific production rates of DOC, CO₂-C and C_mic from the maize-derived SOC were 0.06-0.08% for DOC, 1.6-2.6% for CO₂-C and 1.9-2.7% for C_mic, respectively, and specific production rates from rye-derived SOC of the continuous maize plot were 0.03-0.05% for DOC, 0.1-0.2% for CO₂-C and 0.3-0.5% for C_mic. NPK fertilization did not affect the specific production rates. Strong correlations were found between C₄-derived C_mic and C₄-derived SOC, DOC and CO₂-C (r≥0.90), whereas the relationship between C₃-derived C_mic and C₃-derived SOC, DOC and CO₂-C was not as pronounced (r≤0.67). The results stress the different importance of former (older than 40 years) and recent (younger than 40 years) litter C inputs for the formation of different C pools in the soil.     

The tyranny of taste: the case of organic rice in Cambodia

Fair-trade and organic products are often sold at price premiums justified by smaller production volumes that are associated with greater social and environmental responsibility. The consumption of these products confers on the consumer a greater sense of morality – and usually a claim to better taste. This paper tells the story of attempts to promote organic/fair-trade rice production by de facto organic Cambodian farmers for export to North American and European markets in order to assist poor farmers to trade their way out of poverty. It demonstrates that instead of promoting sustainable agriculture and fair trade between developed and developing markets, organic/fair-trade projects may impose First World consumer ideals and tastes that are out of step with the larger realities of agrarian transition in Cambodia and the wider region of developing Southeast Asia.     

Effect of Fabrication Technology on the Performance and Structure of Stearic Acid/Attapulgite Composite Phase Change Materials

Two kinds of stearic acid (SA)/ attapulgite (ATTP) composite phase change materials (PCMs) were prepared for the latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) in buildings or other area by the methods of fusion and immersion, using SA as PCMs and ATTP supplied by Linze of Gansu province as supporting material. The structure, thermal properties, thermal reliability and heat storage or release performance of the composite PCMs were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM), fourier transformation infrared (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal cycling test analysis technique. The results indicate that the preparation method has no effect on the structure and morphologies of the composites. Two kinds of composites have same structure due to the SA adsorbed in the surface of ATTP by physical reaction. The results also show that two form-stable composites PCMs have the optimal effect for preventing SA leak from the composite emerges when the maximum load proportion of SA in the composites were 38.64wt% and 29.13wt%. The latent heats and phase change temperature were measured as 68.71 J/g and 57.3℃ for the composite which was prepared by fusion method and 51.79 J/g and 55.2℃ for the composite fabricated by immersion method, respectively. The results of DSC, FTIR and thermal cycling test are all showing that two kinds of composites have good heat storage property but the composite prepared by fusion method has a better thermal and chemical stability.     

GRP新型温室覆盖膜温热特性的研究

为解决现有温室塑料覆盖膜使用寿命短、变光性能差、造价高的问题, 研制成功了经济耐用、变光性能优的GRP新型覆盖材料。在实验基础上, 运用现代数理统计方法, 初步分析了GRP温室覆盖材料的温热特性, 防雾和防滴性能及对栽培作物产量的影响。结果证明, GRP膜具有良好的温热性与保温性, 在最低气温条件下, 试验温室室内最低气温比对照温室室内气温高2℃, 而最高气温均为32℃; 在阴天, GRP膜的增温效果较EVA膜好,最好时比对照温室内气温高3 30℃。另外, 在实验期间, 试验温室从未见过起雾, 滴水也很少, 说明新材料具有良好的防雾、防滴性能。因此, GRP膜对作物生产具有明显的增产效应, 与对照温室相比, 增产幅度高达16 2%。     

不同有机肥料对基质培叶菜的营养效应研究

采用基质栽培试验研究了不同有机肥种类对叶类蔬菜(芹菜和生菜)硝酸盐和营养品质的效应。结果表明,在基质栽培施用无机肥的基础上,6种有机肥料降低芹菜根重和株高,除施用猪粪(PM)使芹菜显著增产(21.1%)、泥炭(PP)极显著减产(32.4%)外,其余有机肥处理的产量差异不显著;施用有机肥使生菜增产55.5%～132.7%(达极显著),其增产序列依次为稻草(RS)>鸡粪(CM)>泥炭(PP)>玉米秆(MS)>菜籽饼(RM)>猪粪(PM)。2种叶菜的硝酸盐以芹菜成倍高于生菜,在无机肥基础上施用有机肥料对芹菜硝酸盐的影响不明显,但却大幅度(39.6%～70.8%)提高生菜硝酸盐含量,降低其卫生品质。有机肥各处理对两种叶菜Vc、可溶性糖、氨基酸等营养品质的效应差异大,对芹菜以提高作用为主,而对生菜则主要表现为降低。6种有机肥中,以猪粪和菜籽饼对芹菜,猪粪和鸡粪对生菜的产量和品质效应良好。     

稻作制与有机肥及地下水对水稻土硫素状况的影响Ⅰ．全硫和有效硫含量

为探明耕作、施肥、灌溉等农艺措施对水稻土硫素状况的影响，研究了在长期定位试验条件下稻作制、有机肥用量及地下水位对水稻土全硫及有效硫含量的影响。结果表明，不同稻作制间，耕层土壤全硫含量以稻－稻－冬泡最高，稻－稻－冬绿次之，稻－稻－冬油最低；有效硫含量则以冬绿处理最高，冬泡处理最低；不同有机肥施用水平之间，耕层土壤全硫含量为常量有机肥处理最高，高量有机肥处理居中，化肥处理最低。高地下水位能提高土壤中全硫含量，但不利于土壤硫的有效化。     

区域土壤有机氮迁移的研究进展

农田土壤氮素迁移是影响区域环境质量的重要过程。通过综述近期在区域有机氮迁移以及稳定性同位素和模型研究方法方面的进展,指出:我国有机氮源的氮素损失在人口稠密和养殖业发达的区域已经成为非点源污染的重要来源;小流域氮素输出中可溶性有机氮是一个重要组成,其输出过程受气候以及人为引起的植被、土壤及水文过程的变化的影响;稳定性氮氧同位素可以识别水体中陆源氮污染物的分布;基于GIS的过程模型可以定量分析区域氮素迁移的数量及其环境效应。进一步提出了目前需要加强农田有机氮迁移过程及其影响机制的研究,发展基于稳定性同位素的区域氮素迁移定量方法,建立稻田生态系统和水旱轮作系统的氮素迁移定量评价模型,并归纳了减少面源污染的区域氮素迁移调控措施。     

CHF－203涂料对柑桔果实贮藏保鲜的效应研究

ＣＨＦ－２０３贮藏保鲜剂处理中期末收的甜橙果实，贮藏４个月的好果率为８７．８６％，腐果率为２．４５％，且果面光洁，效果显著优于２．４－Ｄ＋多菌灵处理。温州蜜柑中熟品种保鲜３个月，效果与２，４－Ｄ＋多菌灵处理相近。该剂对不同采收期果实的贮藏效应均较好，性能稳定，且可预配存放半年，便于推广使用。     

草炭水溶解态有机质与金属离子络合稳定常数的测定

采用离子交换平衡法测定草炭水溶解态有机质与 Cu2 +、Pb2 +、Zn2 +、Cd2 + 4种金属离子 ,在 2种 p H条件下的络合稳定常数 .结果表明 ,金属离子与草炭水溶解态有机质通常形成混合或多核络合物 ;2种 p H条件下的络合配位数和稳定常数序列均为 :Cu2 + >Pb2 + >Zn2 + >Cd2 + ,高 p H条件下 ,络合配位数和稳定常数均明显增大     

强化混凝去除微污染水源水中有机物的研究进展

介绍了我国微污染水源水质现状.指出常规处理工艺的局限性,综述强化混凝处理微污染水源水的机理和影响因素以及国内外强化混凝去除微污染水源水中有机物的研究成果,同时对强化混凝去除微污染水源水中有机物的研究进行展望.