黑河自然保护区沼泽湿地土壤化学性质的空间分布特征研究

通过对张掖黑河湿地国家级自然保护区沼泽湿地野外调查、土样采集、实验室分析,利用空间分布格局代替时间演替序列,应用描述性统计及线性回归和相关性的分析方法,对该湿地的速效养分、有机质和土壤全盐含量及pH进行了研究。结果表明, 土壤有机质(SOM)含量随着土层深度的增加而显著增加;速效氮(AN)含量垂直分异明显且整体趋势先减少后急剧增加;土壤中速效磷(AP)、速效钾(AK)、全盐含量空间分布存在表聚现象,上高下低的分布格局明显;pH值含量空间分布差异不大但该地区土壤呈碱性和强碱性。pH和SOM存在弱负相关性,pH通过抑制植被的生长来间接影响SOM含量;全盐含量和AK含量具有强烈的乘幂和正线性相关性。全盐、SOM、AN、AP、AK含量均属于中等变异,pH为弱变异。黑河保护区湿地生态系统正处于退化阶段,脆弱性和敏感性使该保护区在干旱半干旱区涵养水源、保持水土的重要性减弱,建立当地自然条件特征基础上长期持续的试验研究,保护与恢复措施迫在眉睫。     

五种芳香植物精油及精气对支气管炎病菌的效果研究

以金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylocous aureus)、乙型溶血性链球菌(β-Hernolytic streptococcus)为试验菌,采用滤纸片法、二倍稀释法及皿内试验法,测定了5种芳香植物精油及精气的抑菌效果.结果表明,所有供试植物的精油及精气均具有一定的抗菌活性.在精油抑茵试验中,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑茵活性由强到弱依次为艾叶(Artemisia argyi Levl.et Van)、薄荷(Mentha haplocalyx Briq)、迷迭香(Rose marinus officinalis Linn)、香叶天竺葵(Pelargonium grav eolens L'Herit)、罗勒(Ocimum basilicum L);对乙型链球菌的抑菌活性由强到弱依次为香叶天竺葵、罗勒、艾叶、薄荷、迷迭香.在精气抑菌试验中,5种植物1 g整叶对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌率为21.01％～67.52％,除迷迭香外,另外4种植物的抑菌率均在30％以上;对乙型溶血性链球菌的抑茵率为14％～78.89％,除艾叶、罗勒外,另外3种植物的抑菌率均在30％以上.     

NaCl胁迫对不同柳枝稷材料种子萌发与幼苗生长的影响

采用不同浓度NaCl溶液对10份柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum)材料(其中5份为育成品种,5份为不同地理来源的野生种质)种子和幼苗进行胁迫处理,通过分析种子发芽率和幼苗株高、鲜重、脯氨酸含量、叶绿素含量、细胞膜透性的变化,研究其种子和幼苗对盐胁迫的反馈机制,分析不同材料的耐盐性水平,为柳枝稷的引种、育种工作提供参考。结果表明:随着NaCl浓度增加,柳枝稷发芽率、株高、鲜重、叶绿素含量下降,而脯氨酸含量、细胞膜透性增加。品种中,Cave-in-rock,Sunburst和Pathfinder耐盐性相对较强;地方野生种质播种期耐盐性较差,苗期耐盐性良好,具有较好的研发潜力。     

Influence of a sodium formate/formic acid mixture on growth of juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fed different fishmeal replacement levels of detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal in practical,mixed diets

Intensification of cyprinid production has resulted in substantial increases in aquafeed demand for these species and a requirement for studies on new protein sources. Increased availability of presscakes from biodiesel crops may help to meet this requirement. The suitability of detoxified Jatropha curcas kernel meal (JKM), in combination with a dietary organic acid/salt blend (NDF), was tested in practical diets for juvenile common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Four treatment diets contained between 0% and 13.5% fishmeal with the fishmeal protein replaced by JKM (0%, 30%, 70%, and 100%). Four further diets of the same composition but including 0.5% NDF were also prepared, and all diets were fed to carps for eight weeks. There were no statistical differences in growth between diets containing JKM and the control. Furthermore, addition of dietary NDF significantly improved final weights, specific growth rates, feed conversion ratios, and protein efficiency ratios. Body composition analysis showed a significant impact of dietary JKM inclusion on increasing body lipid content. The addition of NDF showed a tendency to lower body lipid content (P = 0.11). JKM is a suitable protein source in diets for carp, and the inclusion of 0.5% of NDF proved to be beneficial.     

Detritus accumulation and decomposition in a coastal lake (Acquatina–southern Italy)

• 1. Knowledge about processes and dynamics underlying organic matter accumulation in transitional waters is crucial for the protection of these ecologically important coastal habitats. This study investigated the relationship between large particle accumulation and decomposition in a coastal lake included in a Site of Community Interest (SCI) using sediment trap and litterbag techniques.
• 2. Two sets of sediment traps were deployed at five sites along the longitudinal axis of the lake. One set was emptied once a month for 12 months, and the other twice a year. The contents of the monthly and the 6‐monthly traps and the superficial sediments were then compared to estimate the organic matter accumulation and loss. To determine the mass loss rate of the three major allochthonous sources of detritus (the reed Phragmites australis, the cordgrass Spartina juncea, and the seagrass Posidonia oceanica), litterbags were placed near the sediment traps at three out of the five sites at the beginning of each 6‐month period and retrieved monthly.
• 3. The amount of annual particulate organic matter (POM) deposition in the traps was 1320.2±58.5 g m^?2 y^?1 and consisted of 25% large particles (CPOM). Allochthonous litter comprised an important fraction of CPOM, and its breakdown rate changed with the plant species, site and season. Loss rate of CPOM accumulated at the lake bottom was significantly related with the mass loss rate of reed and cordgrass litter, but not with that of seagrass.
• 4. Due to slow litter breakdown and tidal landward advection, the lake acted as a sediment trap for allochthonous matter, especially from Posidonia. The important role of marine‐derived litter in organic matter sedimentation suggests addressing conservation strategies of the lake functioning towards the selective control of allochthonous CPOM inputs, in particular at the mouth where the incoming tide brings suspended material and salinity decelerates matter flow to the sea and decomposition. This study supports the hypothesis that sedimentation and decomposition dynamics are important factors for coastal lake evolution, and shows litterbag and sediment trap techniques as simple useful investigation tools in management strategies aiming at conserving transitional waters.

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

生物炭和堆肥提高西澳大利亚沙质平原土壤上的作物产量但这种效应是短期的

Sandplain soils on the south coast of Western Australia have low inherent fertility, which is mainly due to poor nutrient retention caused by insufficient clay and organic colloidal material. Previous research has shown the benefits in nutrient levels and retention from adding clay to sandplain soils; however, there is almost no information on the addition of organic amendments. A field experiment was established at the Esperance Downs Research Station, Western Australian, in May 2010, to assess the effects of wheat straw (WS) and chicken manure (CM) biochars and compost with and without phosphorus (P) addition on soil properties and crop production over five growing seasons. The five seasons alternated between winter and summer crops.~The CM and WS biochar and compost treatments significantly increased crop yields and P uptake in 3, 2 and 1 of the five seasons, respectively. The yield increases $(P<0.05)$ were no more than 8\%. By the end of the third season, no differences in crop yields were found that could be attributed to the organic amendments. The addition of P increased crop yields in each winter cropping season. Phosphorus addition explained more than 30\% of the variation in crop yields. Despite marginal P levels and summer drought conditions, arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonisation was not affected by the organic amendments. There were no significant interactions between the organic amendments and P addition in terms of crop yields, P uptake or P uptake efficiency. We conclude that much of the effect of the organic amendments was due to direct nutrient addition which dissipated over time.     

秸秆带状覆盖对旱地冬小麦农田土壤特性及产量的影响

2019—2020年在黄土高原雨养条件下以不覆盖露地（CK）和地膜覆盖（PM）为对照,设置3种秸秆带状覆盖处理：SM3（覆盖带50 cm,种植带35 cm,播种3行）,SM4（覆盖带50 cm,种植带50 cm,播种4行）及SM5（覆盖带50 cm,种植带70 cm,播种5行）,研究了不同带幅秸秆带状覆盖对冬小麦农田土壤特性、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,秸秆带状覆盖较CK和PM显著降低土壤0~20 cm土层土壤容重4.49%~7.07%,增加土壤孔隙度4.41%~7.28%,且>0.25 mm机械稳定性团聚体含量增加5.30%~5.31%,水稳性团聚体含量增加4.55%~7.21%,平均重量直径(MWD)提高6.45%~60.31%,平均几何直径(GMD)提高8.73%~20.57%,土壤有机碳含量提高6.06%~6.15%。地膜覆盖对土壤各特征指标影响较小。秸秆带状覆盖处理较CK提高小麦籽粒产量5.07%,水分利用效率提高12.04%。3种秸秆带状覆盖处理中,SM3处理对土壤各特征指标影响最大,SM5处理在改善土壤理化性状的基础上,对小麦籽粒产量及水分利用效率的提升表现出较大优势。因此,SM5处理（覆盖带50 cm,种植带70 cm,播种5行）是适宜于西北半干旱区冬小麦种植的“绿色高效”措施。     

不同生态因子对荚果蕨生长和光合特性的影响

为研究荚果蕨抗逆性生理机制并且为荚果蕨栽培提供理论依据和参考,以荚果蕨为实验作物,利用盆栽法、光合作用测定仪、土壤农化分析方法研究了荚果蕨生长及光合特性对土壤质量含水量、有机肥料、光照强度等生态因子的响应机制。研究结果表明:荚果蕨幼苗对于水分胁迫具有一定的抗逆性,土壤质量含水量为田间持水量的70%~75%时荚果蕨叶片长度最大,净光合速率(Pn)与蒸腾速率(Tr)表现为随着土壤含水量的增加先上升后下降,水分利用效率(Ew)变化趋势与之相反;不同有机肥料间比较腐熟猪粪肥培肥效果较好,且在1500 kg/hm2施用量时效果达到峰值;各遮阳措施均有利于荚果蕨生长,实验处理为使用透光率为30%的遮阳网时荚果蕨叶片长度最佳。荚果蕨最适宜生长条件为:土壤质量含水量为田间持水量的70%~75%;施用腐熟猪粪肥1500 kg/hm2;遮阳措施透光率为30%。     

Crops use-efficiency of nitrogen from manures permitted in organic farming

The current increase in the organic agriculture segment has created a new market for fertilisers permitted for use in organic farming. Off-farm N sources for organic farming are scarce, considering the restriction on the use of chemical fertilisers. Thus, when some products are permitted in organic agriculture, commercial opportunities become available. In this study we compare the performances of Vegethumus (Veg) and Phenix (Phe), two manures that are permitted in organic farming, with several other manures, ammonium nitrate (AN) and control treatments. A 3-year field trial and a pot experiment were carried out in order to estimate dry matter yield, N uptake, and N nutritional status of the crops, as well as soil N availability, the latter was assessed by using anion exchange membranes inserted into the soil. Apparent N recovery (ANR) values in the field trial were 6.3% and 58.2% in Veg and AN plots, respectively, after the application of 380 kg N/ha in the previous five growing seasons. In the pot experiment, the ANR of Veg and Phe, the organic amendments permitted in organic farming, were 5.0% and 13.6%, while Beiraadubo (Bei) and Nutrisoil (Nut) had ANR of 27.2% and 42.0%. The poor results of the amendments permitted in organic farming, in light of their high prices suggest that their use must be carefully considered by farmer in their fertilization strategies.     

土壤有机碳库及其控制因子的研究进展

土壤碳库的动态平衡影响作物产量和土壤肥力的高低,是土壤肥力保持和提高的重要研究内容。本文简要评述了气候、植被、土壤理化特性和农业生产对土壤有机碳分解的影响,介绍了土壤有机碳库及其控制因子的研究进展。