酸益(SI)在断奶仔猪日粮中的应用比较

选用杂种仔猪杜×(长×川白)24头,于28±2日龄断奶,以玉米-豆粕型日粮饲喂,进行为期30d的饲养试验,研究日粮中添加0.1%复合酸化剂-酸益SI、0.1%复合酸化剂FD和降低1.5%乳清粉用量对断奶仔猪生产性能、日粮酸和力及肠道大肠杆菌数的影响.结果表明,添加复合酸化剂-酸益(SI)可明显提高仔猪日增重,改善料肉比,大幅度降低腹泻率,降低乳清粉用量与饲料成本.其料肉比、日增重与使用进口产品FD差异不显著(P＞0.05).     

The effect of sowing date, stale seedbed, row width and mechanical weed control on weeds and yields of organic winter wheat

Three field experiments were carried out in organically grown winter wheat in Denmark. The treatments were sowing time (normal or late sowing) and false seedbed, row width (12 and 24 cm) and weed control method [untreated; mechanical weed control (weed harrowing at 12 cm supplemented with inter‐row hoeing at 24 cm); and herbicide weed control]. Weed biomass in midsummer was greatest on plots sown at the normal sowing time (compared with delayed sowing) and was reduced by mechanical or chemical weed control (compared with untreated plots). Row width alone had no influence on weed biomass, but in the experiment with high weed pressure, the more intensive mechanical weed control used at a row width of 24 cm reduced weed biomass. Normal sowing time tended to give higher yields, but this was only statistically significant in one of the three experiments. Wide rows gave a yield decrease in the experiment with low weed pressure. The effect of weed control on yield was dependent on the weed pressure. At low weed pressure, mechanical weed control caused a yield decrease compared with untreated or herbicide treated. At intermediate weed levels there were no differences, whereas at high weed pressure, mechanical weed control and herbicide treatment caused a yield increase compared with untreated. False seedbeds were shown to contribute to a decrease in the soil seed reserve.     

基于宏基因组分析菌渣微生物群落组成和功能多样性

为探究双孢菇菌渣发酵过程中微生物菌群组成变化和功能多样性,对双孢菇菌渣加猪粪混合堆肥的0、8 、16和20  d样品进行宏基因组测序,分析菌渣堆肥过程中微生物群落组成的变化并挖掘其功能基因。结果表明：（1）双孢菇菌渣有机肥发酵初期0  d时与发酵8 、16  和20  d时的微生物群落组成变化较大,同时在KEGG数据库中进行功能多样性分析和聚类分析发现0  d、8  d样本距离相对较近,16  d和20  d样本距离相对较近。（2）从不同时间段的菌渣有机肥中一共鉴定出28  257个种,其中发酵0 、8 、16  和20  d样本物种分别占物种总数的61.04%、85.35%、86.08%和85.40%。（3）自然发酵0  d时优势菌门为厚壁菌门,随着发酵时间的增加优势菌门逐渐变为变形菌门、拟杆菌门和放线菌门等;芽孢杆菌科及类芽孢杆菌科在发酵过程中一直为关键菌科;优势菌种为热噬淀粉芽胞杆菌和嗜热芽孢杆菌。（4）菌渣发酵过程中功能基因主要位于碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢、核苷酸代谢和辅因子和维生素的代谢途径;碳水化合物酶占比较多的为糖基转移酶和糖苷水解酶,最低为多糖裂解酶,分别占比为38.8%、38.1%和1.2%;丰度最高的3个抗性基因分别为多耐药性抗性基因、大环内酯抗性基因和四环素抗性基因。     

CW-MFC系统启动过程中溶解有机物的荧光光谱解析

为判断CW-MFC反应器运行状态提供一种简单且快速的监测方法,利用三维荧光光谱法研究人工湿地-微生物燃料电池耦合系统（CW-MFC）启动过程中溶解性有机物（DOM）的光谱特征。结果显示CW-MFC反应器启动阶段的循环进水周期内类蛋白质峰荧光逐渐变弱,说明反应器内部微生物有较好的活性,而类腐殖质和类富里酸峰荧光呈现逐渐增强的趋势。同时,随着驯化时间的推移,在连续流进水周期内系统的输出电压基本维持在300 mV左右,COD、NH₄⁺-N、TP的平均去除率也逐渐趋于稳定,分别为82.66% ± 4.47%、73.52% ± 6.95%和55.42% ± 8.59%。并通过比较反应器的出水中DOM组分荧光强度得分值,发现从启动到稳定运行的过程中反应器内部微生物的活性和代谢逐渐稳定,说明利用三维荧光光谱技术判断反应器是否运行稳定具有可行性。     

天目山国家级自然保护区毛竹扩张对林地土壤肥力的影响

为了解天目山国家级自然保护区毛竹扩张对林地土壤肥力的影响,在毛竹扩张水平方向上设置毛竹纯林、竹-针-阔混交林、针阔混交林3种林分样地,分别采集土壤,对其理化性质进行分析.结果表明,随着毛竹扩张,林地表层土壤水解氮含量明显提高,有效磷和速效钾含量显著降低,但对土壤pH值、全氮、全磷含量影响不大;土壤水溶性碳、微生物量碳、矿化态碳均随着毛竹的扩张,其含量不断增加,与针-阔混交林相比,分别增加了50.3%、36.5%和66.1%,且扩张的不同阶段均存在显著性差异;各活性有机碳占总有机碳的百分率也随着毛竹的扩张而增大.     

基于MGWRK的土壤有机质制图及驱动因素研究

【目的】空间预测是一种获得有机质空间局部细节的重要方法,其准确性对于农田合理管理有着重要意义。本研究通过对比不同的土壤有机质空间制图方法以获得更优的预测精度,在预测的同时揭示环境协变量的空间非平稳性特征及不同环境协变量关系的空间尺度。【方法】选取晋中盆地的7个乡镇作为研究区,对比普通克里金(OK)、回归克里金(RK)、地理加权回归克里金(GWRK)和多重尺度地理加权回归克里金(MGWRK)4种不同方法对土壤有机质的预测能力和效果,并探究影响因子在空间分布中对有机质的影响效应变化和这种影响效应的空间尺度。MGWRK是一种多重尺度地理加权回归(MGWR)与普通克里金方法相结合的方法。【结果】选取坡向、坡度、年均降水量、年平均温度、海拔、植被年总初级生产力、年蒸散量、地形湿度指数、平面曲率、汇流动力指数、地形指数、地形粗糙指数、年平均NDVI为环境协变量参与建模,在多元线性回归建模中,模型统计学意义显著,这表明模型具备统计学意义。从Radius指数来看,各模型模拟效果由好到差依次为RK、OK、GWRK、MGWRK;从制图效果来看,MGWRK与GWRK制图效果相当,从有机质的空间预测图可以看出...     

内蒙河套灌区盐碱低产田建立有机质富积层改土培肥效果

通过连续四年在内蒙古河套灌区低产盐碱地定点、定位试验与定时测土分析，明确了土壤耕层增施有机物料建立有机质富积层，能够改善土壤理化性状，尤其是能降低土壤表层含盐量，提高作物保苗率和显著增加作物产出量。     

基于DNDC模型模拟的冬小麦田土壤有机碳和作物产量对地表覆盖的响应

依托前期长期定位试验,基于DNDC过程模型,对秸秆和地膜覆盖条件下冬小麦田土壤有机碳和小麦产量的长期变化规律进行了模拟研究.结果表明,DNDC模拟的有机碳含量和冬小麦产量变化与田间观测结果较一致,能较理想地模拟两种覆盖措施对土壤有机碳和作物产量的长期影响.模拟结果显示,在50 a时间尺度上,不覆盖与地膜覆盖处理下0～5...     

Integration of soil, crop and weed management in low-external-input farming systems

Greater adoption and refinement of low-external-input (LEI) farming systems have been proposed as ways to ameliorate economic, environmental and health problems associated with conventional farming systems. Organic soil amendments and crop diversification are basic components of LEI systems. Weed scientists can improve the use of these practices for weed management by improving knowledge of four relevant ecological mechanisms. First, multispecies crop rotations, intercrops and cover crops may reduce opportunities for weed growth and regeneration through resource competition and niche disruption. Secondly, weed species appear to be more susceptible to phytotoxic effects of crop residues and other organic soil amendments than crop species, possibly because of differences in seed mass. Thirdly, delayed patterns of N availability in LEI systems may favour large-seeded crops over small-seeded weeds. Finally, additions of organic materials can change the incidence and severity of soil-borne diseases affecting weeds and crops. Our research on LEI sweetcorn and potato production systems in central and northern Maine (USA) suggests that these mechanisms can reduce weed density and growth while maintaining crop yields. Low-external-input farming systems will advance most quickly through the application of interdisciplinary research focused on these and other ecological mechanisms.