一次深施肥对玉米供肥规律的影响

[目的]探索一次深施肥对玉米供肥规律的影响。[方法]设置肥料施用量相同的2个处理(常规施肥和一次深施肥),在玉米生长的不同时期取样,测定叶片、茎+雄穗、雌穗、籽粒的鲜重、干重及植株N、P2O5、K2O含量。[结果]一次深施肥的玉米比常规施肥增产521.5 kg/hm2,提高了5.76%。一次深施肥促进玉米在生育中后期对氮、磷的吸收。玉米大喇叭口期以前,氮、磷主要集中在叶片中;在玉米成熟期,钾的分布比例为茎秆>叶片>籽粒,施肥方法对钾的分布有影响而对氮、磷的分布则无影响。常规施肥钾在叶、茎、粒中的分布比例约为3∶6∶2;一次深施肥分布比例为2∶2∶1。[结论]一次深施肥可促进玉米在生育中后期对养分的吸收,提高玉米产量。     

Effects of Organic Manure Application with Chemical Fertilizers on Nutrient Absorption and Yield of Rice in Hunan of Southern China

To evaluate the effect of organic manure application with chemical fertilizers on rice yield and soil fertility under long-term double-rice cropping system, a six year field experiment was conducted continually in the paddy soil derived from Quaternary red clay in Hunan Province of southern China. Four different treatments, i.e., no nitrogen with chemical P and K （PK）, swine manure only （M）, N, P and K chemical fertilizers only （NPK）, and half chemical fertilizers combined with half swine manure （NPKM） with four replications were included. Each N, P and K application rate was the same at all the treatments （except the N application rate at PK） and N application rate was 150 kg N ha^-1. All fertilizers were applied to soil tillage layer with once application as baseal fertilizers. The nutrients uptake rate, grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and soil organic matter content at each treatment were investigated. The NPKM treatment achieved the highest mean annual yield of 12.2 t ha^-1 （68% higher than that of PK）. Higher dry matter accumulation and nutrients absorption were observed during the middle-late growth period in the NPKM treatment, with higher panicle number per unit and filled-grain number per panicle. Its average nitrogen use efficiency was 36.3% and soil organic matter increased by 18.5% during the experimental period in the NPKM treatment, which were significantly higher than those in the NPK treatment. Organic manure application with chemical fertilizers increased the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice, reduced the risk of environmental pollution and improved soil fertility greatly. It could be a good practical technique that protects the environment and raises the rice yield in this region.     

吉林玉米带玉米一次性施肥现状调查分析

利用肥料统计资料、农户和肥料经销商的抽样调查资料,对吉林省玉米一次性施肥的规模、分布区域、施用量、经济投入及玉米高氮复混肥的生产状况进行了调查和分析。结果表明:玉米一次性施肥主要集中在吉林玉米带的中、东部地区,土壤类型以黑土、典型黑钙土、白浆土、草甸土和暗棕壤为主。2005年玉米一次性施肥面积占玉米总施肥面积的62.5%,玉米一次性施肥平均施用量为554 kg/hm2;一次性施肥比农民常规施肥多投入313元/hm2。玉米高氮复混肥的比例和氮含量逐年增加,特别是临时登记的高氮复混肥比例和高氮复混肥(N>25%)的比例分别由2003年的45.1%、50.0%增加到2005年的95.5%、77.0%。     

生态有机肥在番茄和棉花种植中的应用研究

研究了生态有机肥在番茄和棉花种植中的应用效果,试验结果表明,使用生态有机肥后,两个番茄品种小区产量分别提高了7.47%和9.86%,两个棉花小区产量分别提高了14.26%和16.2%,并且番茄和棉花的生育性状都得到了改善。     

Effects of Nitrogen Forms on Carbon and Nitrogen Accumulation in Tomato Seedling

Utilization of organic nitrogen （N） is an important aspect of plant N assimilation and has potential application in sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to investigate the plant growth, C and N accumulation in leaves and roots of tomato seedlings in response to inorganic （NH4^＋-N, NO3^-N） and organic nitrogen （Gly-N）. Different forms of nitrogen （NH4^＋-N, NO3^--N, Gly-N） were supplied to two tomato cultivars （Shenfen 918 and Huying 932） using a hydroponics system. The plant dry biomass, chlorophyll content, root activity, total carbon and nitrogen content in roots and leaves, and total N absorption, etc. were assayed during the cultivation. Our results showed that no significant differences in plant height, dry biomass, and total N content were found within the first 16 d among three treatments; however, significant differences in treatments on 24 d and 32 d were observed, and the order was NO3^--N 〉 Gly-N 〉 NH4^＋-N. Significant differences were also observed between the two tomato cultivars. Chlorophyll contents in the two cultivars were significantly increased by the Gly-N treatment, and root activity showed a significant decrease in NHa^＋-N treatment. Tomato leaf total carbon content was slightly affected by different N forms; however, total carbon in root and total nitrogen in root and leaf were promoted significantly by inorganic and organic N. Among the applied N forms, the increasing effects of the NH4^＋-N treatment were larger than that of the Gly-N. In a word, different N resources resulted in different physiological effects in tomatoes. Organic nitrogen （e.g., Gly-N） can be a proper resource of plant N nutrition. Tomatoes of different genotypes had different responses under organic nitrogen （e.g., Gly-N） supplies.     

土地利用变化对土壤水稳性团聚体轻组有机碳的影响

对福建省建瓯市农业利用(坡耕地、茶园、橘园)和林业利用(杉木、木荷、封育)土地不同土层(0-10 cm、10-20 cm)土壤团聚体轻组有机碳进行研究.结果表明:土壤表层团聚体轻组物质含量一般高于次表层,它们占土壤质量比例分别为0.01%-0.42%与0.01%-0.28%,林地土壤团聚体轻组有机碳浓度显著高于农地.林地开垦农用后,土壤各粒级团聚体轻组碳都发生大幅度损失(橘园除外),轻组有机碳贮量损失最高达90%,土壤总轻组有机碳与>2 mm、0.5-2 mm、<0.25mm粒径团聚体轻组有机碳呈显著正相关.轻组碳比全碳更能反映由于土地利用变化导致有机质损失的敏感程度.     

稻-麦轮作体系中有机氮与无机氮的去向研究

【目的】在中国多熟制农作生态系统条件下,农田中氮素的低有效度是阻碍作物高产和导致环境问题的重要因素。本项研究旨在跟踪稻麦轮作体系中化学氮肥与有机作物残茬(专指作物地上部秸秆)的氮素去向,为农田氮素的可持续管理提供理论依据。【方法】采用随机区组设计的田间多重复小区内设置15N同位素示踪微区的连续跟踪试验的方法。【结果】在施用化学氮肥的基础上无论作物残茬是取出还是还田,肥料对作物吸氮的贡献率为17.17%(16.55%—17.79%),而施用作物残茬的相应值为12.01%,即作物吸氮有82.83%或87.99%来源于土壤氮库。化学氮肥和作物残茬的作物氮素回收显示截然不同的模式:作物对化肥氮的回收呈现一次性特征,即施肥后第1季的氮回收量占到总回收氮量的92.04%,与之相应单施作物残茬区的第1季作物15N回收率为总回收率的38.03%。表明化肥氮绝大部分在第1季为作物回收,作物残茬氮则有较长的后效;第1季结束时,化学氮肥区和作物残茬区的土壤15N残留率分别为33.46%(两种残茬管理方式的平均值)和85.64%。残茬氮的土壤残留远远高于化肥氮的残留率;在第6季(化学氮肥区)或第5季(作物残茬区)结束时,化肥区与残茬区的作物+土壤的总15N回收率有显著差异(分别为64.38%和79.11%),而在施用化学氮肥的基础上加入或不加作物残茬对肥料氮的作物+土壤回收率则影响很小。【结论】化学肥料氮与作物残茬氮相比,前者对作物吸氮而言更为快速有效。而与之相反,作物残茬氮则对提高土壤供氮能力有更多贡献,因为作物残茬氮进入土壤有机质库的量高于化肥氮。为此,在农业生产中应实行化学氮肥与有机氮源的合理配合使用。     

有机垃圾颗粒肥料对玉米生物量和氮、磷含量的影响

利用自主研制的5种有机垃圾颗粒肥料(OF1、OF2、OF3、OF4、OF5)进行土壤盆栽玉米试验,测定玉米生物量,并分析玉米籽粒、穗轴和茎秆中的氮、磷含量。结果表明,与化肥(CF)相比,OF对玉米生物量和氮、磷含量具有显著影响。适当配方的OF能促进玉米生物量的增加,其中,OF4和OF5生物量较CF分别增加11.0%和12.9%。OF4的玉米籽粒含氮量比CF高17.4%,而施用OF的玉米茎秆和穗轴的含氮量分别比CF低13.9%～26.6%和9.9%～34.3%,玉米籽粒的磷含量比CF高3.8%～24.4%,而穗轴含磷量比CF低13.2%～22.1%。各处理氮、磷含量均呈籽粒>茎秆>穗轴的分布规律,但OF的籽粒与穗轴、籽粒与茎秆的氮、磷含量的比值均显著大于CF。总之,施用适当配方的OF可增加玉米生物量和籽粒氮、磷含量,通过促进茎秆和穗轴的氮、磷向籽粒转化而提高玉米对氮、磷养分的有效利用。     

生物有机肥研究综述

生物有机肥是按一定比例,利用动、植物废弃物等材料配以微生物菌群,通过混合、发酵、分解形成的新型肥料。本文通过对比分析畜禽粪便、化肥及生物有机肥给土壤、农业环境、人类健康及生存分别造成的影响,并结合我国当前生物有机肥发展状况,指出生物有机肥是农业发展的希望之肥。     

液态有机肥对滴灌棉花光合特性及产量形成规律的影响

为优化滴灌棉花的施肥技术,探究液态有机肥对滴灌棉花生长发育的影响,笔者采取单因子随机区组试验设计,研究在滴灌棉花不同生育时期施用液态有机肥对棉花光和特性、干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明:(1)施用液态有机肥能够促进植株生长发育,增大光合速率增加棉花产量,且随着液态有机肥施用量的增大,各处理叶面积指数、SPAD值均呈现先增后减的趋势,均于铃期达最大值,其中苗期与蕾期施液态肥的C处理最大值分别为3.25和62.63;(2)叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)均以C处理最高,并于8月5日花铃期达到极值,而胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)表现为C处理最低,为188.67μmol/mol;(3)整个生育期内单株干物质积累量、伏前桃、伏桃、单株铃数及品质均以C处理最好,与其他处理达显著差异水平(P0.05),且增产幅度为27.01%~42.97%。研究表明,液态有机肥适宜的施用时期不仅可提高叶面积指数、叶绿素含量及光合速率,同时为后期干物质积累及产量的形成奠定基础。