种肥播施方式对红壤旱地油菜产量及肥料利用率的影响

In order to explicit proper sowing and fertilizing methods of rapeseed production in red-soil dryland, a two-year field experiment covering two rapeseed seasons (2017-2018 and 2018-2019) was conducted with four treatments of sowing and fertilizing methods to analyze the impact on yield formation and fertilizer use efficiency of rapeseed, including conventional sowing and fertilizing method (T1), sowing in row with surface broadcast fertilizing (T2), synchronous sowing in uniform row with side deep fertilizing (T3) and synchronous sowing in wide-narrow row with side deep fertilizing (T4). The results were as follows: The yield and fertilizer use efficiency of rapeseed in red-soil dryland were significantly affected by sowing and fertilizing methods. Besides, these differences were more significant in poor soil condition and drought season (2017-2018) than those in nutrient-rich soil condition and rainy season (2018-2019). Compared with T1 and T2, T3 and T4 promoted the yield formation and increased its fertilizer use efficiency significantly, whereas there was no significant difference between T3 and T4. Specifically, the technique of synchronous drilling sowing with side deep fertilizing could improve dry matter production during the whole growth period of rapeseed, especially from anthesis to maturity, with a corresponding rise of dry matter accumulation of both underground and aboveground after anthesis. Meanwhile, compared with the conventional cultivation, the technique of synchronous drilling sowing with side deep fertilizing increased the uptake of nutrients (N, P and K), effective plant density and maintained sufficient pod number, and thus improved the yield and fertilizer use efficiency of rapeseed. This study indicated that the technique of synchronous drilling sowing with side deep fertilizing had the potential of improving rapeseed productivity in red-soil dryland of southern China. Therefore, it should be suggested to promote the application according to local condition.     

氮、磷、钾肥料配施对紫花苜蓿产量的影响

采用不完全试验设计,在温室对花盆种植的苜蓿施用氮、磷、钾肥料,研究其对牧草干物质产量的影响．结果表明：用种子播种所建植的苜蓿,在播种当年追施氮、磷、钾肥可以显著（p〈0.05）提高苜蓿干草产量和植株高度,且随着氮肥施入量的增加,干草产量呈上升趋势;磷、钾、肥以中等施入量（120kg P2O5／hm^2,200kgK2O／hm^2）增产效果较好．     

Ase在水环境监测中的应用

在有机物污染物监测当中,快速溶剂萃取(Ase)属于一种样品前的处理技术,指出了由于快速溶剂萃取所具有的快捷、高效、半固体待测物等方面的特性。对有机物污染前的处理现状进行了分析,探讨了水环境监测下该技术的应用效能,对有机污染物监测技术在未来水环境当中的发展前景进行了详细阐述。     

Mortality,progeny production and preference of Sitophilus zeamais adults to wheat from integrated and alternative production systems

The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of the production systems of wheat from different production systems on the mortality, progeny production and preference of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). The factors tested were production system (integrated [INT], organic [ORG], biodynamic [BD] and control), which differed in plant protection and fertiliser procedures during plant growth and development; exposure interval (7, 14 and 21 d); relative humidity (r.h.) (55% and 75%) and temperature (20°C, 25°C and 30°C). Mortality after 7 d increased with the temperature increase and decreased with the increase in r.h. in most of the tested combinations. The mortality of weevils was higher in ORG compared to INT-produced wheat after 7 d. Progeny production was recorded 56 d after removal of parental adults and was higher at 75% r.h. in comparison to 55% r.h. At 55% r.h. and 20°C, progeny was 60.8% higher when S. zeamais were exposed to ORG in comparison to INT-produced wheat. Wheat from different production systems influenced mortality rates which were higher in alternative compared to INT production systems under optimal conditions for wheat storage (low temperature and r.h.). The reverse was recorded for temperature and r.h. increase. Progeny was not affected by wheat from various production systems. Significantly more S. zeamais adults were found in traps containing wheat from BD and control in comparison to INT. An understanding of the agricultural processes, biotic and abiotic factors which alter the post-harvest response of storage pests could be useful for the development of efficient post-harvest strategies for ORG and BD farms and the processing industry.     

甜菜对不同施用部位磷种肥的吸收与利用

用P~(32)示踪法研究结果表明,甜菜在1～2片真叶期已开始吸收磷肥。至叶丛繁茂期,单株绝对吸磷量和对磷肥利用率均明显增高,但单株相对含磷量却明显降低;磷肥施到距种子2、4cm以下可显著提高甜菜对磷肥的利用率。至7月中旬利用率分别达4％和7.9％,比种、肥混施分别提高60％和2倍;磷酸二铵做种肥,其分解产生的NH_4对甜菜有毒害作用,可降低出苗率、保苗率,也影响对磷肥的吸收利用。采用种、肥分层施可缓解和避免NH_4~ 对甜菜的伤害。     

长期不同植被覆盖和施肥管理对黑土活性有机碳的影响

【目的】阐明长期不同植被覆盖与施肥管理后,同一地块的黑土的总有机碳(TOC)、活性有机碳的变化。探讨黑土可持续利用的土地管理模式。【方法】第一个田间试验开始于1985年,研究不同植被覆盖(裸地、草地、耕地)下的黑土活性有机碳的含量和分布变化。第二个田间试验开始于1993年,研究了不同施肥处理(无肥对照(CK)、氮磷(NP)、氮磷配施有机肥(NPOM))对活性有机碳变化的影响。【结果】不同植被凋落物和根系分泌物及长期不同施肥管理均对黑土活性有机碳的形成产生明显的影响。与1985年相比,裸地TOC和全氮(TN)分别下降11.2%和15.3%,草地TOC和TN分别增长13.2%和5.8%,耕地TOC增长1.1%,而TN下降15.5%。与裸地相比,耕地和草地轻组有机氮分别增长13.9%和46.2%,轻组有机碳增长36.48%和62.0%。不同植被下热水浸提有机碳和高锰酸钾氧化碳总量的顺序为草地耕地裸地。在第二个试验中,施加有机肥能使TOC和TN分别增加了25.5%和18.6%。与对照相比,有机肥和氮磷肥的配施,使轻组有机氮分别增加了126.7%和12.17%,轻组有机碳增加了125.14%和17.14%。与对照和施氮磷肥相比,施加有机肥使颗粒有机氮分别增加了49.8%和23.2%,颗粒有机碳增加了6.5%和29.9%。高锰酸钾氧化有机碳和热水浸提有机碳含量的顺序为CKNPNPOM。【结论】草地与氮磷配施有机肥处理均有利于土壤TOC及活性有机碳的积累。     

江西省耕地土壤pH值和养分状况调查

按中国第二次土壤普查推荐的土壤养分和pH值的分级标准,对2014年江西省5个不同区域(赣南、赣北、赣中、赣西、赣东北)的94个县(市)具有代表性的4 188个耕地土壤的养分和pH值的测定数据进行比较分析,探明江西省耕地土壤养分及pH状况。结果表明：江西省耕地土壤pH值平均为5.3,偏酸性;赣南、赣北耕地土壤有机质质量分数均值分别为28.5、25.8 g/kg,属中等水平,而赣中、赣西和赣东北土壤有机质质量分数均值分别为31.9、33.9、31.1 g/kg,属较丰富水平;赣南土壤碱解氮质量分数均值为144.4 mg/kg,属较丰富水平,其他4个区域的均值均高于150 mg/kg,属丰富水平;赣南、赣中土壤有效磷质量分数均值分别为21.8、21.6 mg/kg,属较丰富水平,其他3个区域的属中等水平;5个区域土壤速效钾质量分数均值均在50～100 mg/kg,属较缺乏水平。可见,江西省耕地土壤酸化严重,养分极不平衡。     

施氮量对水稻不同品种类型稻米品质的影响

2000-2001年以24个水稻品种为供试材料,水稻全生育期分别施纯氮0、100、200、300kg·hm-2,研究施氮量对水稻不同品种类型稻米品质的影响。结果表明:稻米主要品质指标在氮肥处理与品种间的差异极显著,且多数品质指标在氮肥与品种间存在极显著的互作效应。施氮量对稻米品质指标有一定的调节作用,且因品种类型而异,适当增施氮肥可改善稻米加工品质、提高胶稠度、改善营养品质,但外观品质会变劣。     

小麦-中间偃麦草二体异代换系山农0095的选育及其鉴定

 利用小麦品种烟农15与中间偃麦草直接杂交，以烟农15为回交亲本对其杂种F1回交2次，再经自交3次，从BC2F4中选出种质系山农0095。利用形态学、细胞学、种子醇溶蛋白酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（A-PAGE）、RAPD和GISH等方法对其进行鉴定。结果表明，山农0095平均株高78 cm，穗长17.3 cm，穗粒数74个，旗叶长36.3 cm，旗叶宽3.03 cm，茎秆粗壮，多花多实，繁茂性好；其根尖细胞染色体数目为2n＝42，花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ(PMC MⅠ)染色体构型为2ｎ=21Ⅱ；它与烟农15的杂种Ｆ1 在减数分裂中期Ⅰ的大多数花粉母细胞能观察到2个单价体，平均染色体构型为2ｎ=20.08Ⅱ＋1.84Ⅰ。A－PAGE鉴定结果表明，山农0095在β区出现一条中间偃麦草的特异带；从180个RAPD引物中筛选出一个特异引物S186（5?－GAT ACC TCGG－3?），能够在山农0095中扩增出一条约900 bp中间偃麦草的特异带，标记为S186900；以中间偃麦草基因组DNA为标记探针、中国春基因组DNA为封阻的原位杂交结果进一步表明，山农0095的42条染色体中含有2条完整的中间偃麦草染色体，是小麦－中间偃麦草的二体异代换系。     

农业措施对复垦土壤有机质和生产力的影响

为阐明矿区工程复垦后,农业措施对复垦土壤有机质和土地生产力的影响,以原平露天矿区复垦地为研究对象,比较了人工农业措施干预下的复垦地和自然恢复的复垦地土壤有机质含量和土地生产力的变化,同时分析了有机质和土地生产力之间的相关性。结果表明:施肥尤其是有机肥施用相对自然恢复可以显著提高复垦土壤有机质含量;方差分析表明,在种植相同作物情况下,有机肥+无机肥处理能显著提高土壤有机质含量,同时提高复垦土地生产力;相关分析表明,有机质和土地生产力之间存在显著的线性正相关关系。