萃取柿叶精油的工艺研究

通过单因素试验和正交试验研究了超临界流体萃取柿叶精油的影响因素,并对生产工艺进行了优化设计.试验结果表明,萃取压力、萃取温度、CO2流量、萃取时间对萃取得率的影响程度依次递减.最佳工艺条件为,100 g柿叶在萃取压力18 MPa、萃取温度50 ℃、CO2流量20 kg/h、萃取时间2.5 h,得率为3.1 %.用超临界CO2萃取柿叶精油比水蒸气法蒸馏的柿叶精油得率提高了55 %,萃取物纯度高,有浓郁的柿果香味,色淡黄.     

活性炭负载磷钨酸催化α-蒎烯的异构化反应

研究了磷钨酸、活性炭负载磷钨酸催化α－蒎烯的异构化反应，考察了反应条件对α－蒎烯转化率和产物选择性的影响。结果表明：活性炭负载磷钨酸催化α－蒎烯的异构化反应具有反应温度低、催化活性高、莰烯和荣烯选择性高等优点，将磷钨酸负载于活性炭载体上以后，其催化活性和稳定性增大，并可重复使用。     

Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica III. Cycles of organic matter and nutrients

Models for cycles for organic matter and nutrients element (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) are presented for the agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) withCordia alliodora orErythrina poeppigiana in Turrialba, Costa Rica.For the models, system reserves (soil, humus, vegetation divided into leaves, branches, stems, fine roots, fruits) and transference between compartments (production and decomposition of litter residues) inputs (fertilizer, rainfall) and outputs (harvests) of the system are considered.The implications of the models are discussed in detail.Aspects of net primary production in the systems studied are considered.N fixation is calculated on the basis of balances. Analysis of soil water showed high variations that coincided with rainfall patterns and pruning of theE. poeppigiana.For part I see Vol. 4, No. 3, 1986 For part II see this issueAgroforestry Project, CATIE/GTZ (Tropical Agricultural Research and Training Center/Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit), Turrialba, Costa Rica     

竹炭、竹醋液生产技术及应用开发研究进展

简述了竹炭的热解过程和原理，竹炭生产技术以及竹炭的一些理化性质。介绍了炭窑和炭化炉制取竹炭的一般方法及竹炭和其副产品-－竹醋液的应用领域，并对竹炭的生产开发问题及其研究方向作了介绍。     

4种木材常温下醛和萜烯挥发物的释放

利用高效液相色谱仪和气相色谱仪分析4种木材(杉木、杨木、马尾松和尾叶桉)中有机挥发物的成分及含量,结果表明:4种木材生材常温均可释放多种醛和萜烯挥发物,其中乙醛的释放量最高;杉木和杨木释放的醛类明显高于马尾松和尾叶桉;杉木释放的萜烯类明显高于其他3种木材;温度由20 ℃上升到40 ℃,杉木醛类和萜烯类释放量显著增加.     

黑龙江省1980-1999年森林火灾释放碳量的估算

根据黑龙江省1980—1999年的森林火灾统计数据和对黑龙江省各森林类型地上生物量的估算,计算出黑龙江省森林年平均森林火灾损失地上生物量391758·65~522344·95t,占全国的6·4%~8·4%。年均释放碳176291·39~235055·23t,约占全国年均森林火灾排放碳的8%。用排放比法得出黑龙江省年平均森林火灾释放的CO2、CO、CH4、NMHC量分别为581761·6~775682·25t、34892·275~46523·04t、14091·11~18788·15t和6500~9000t。     

枫香与杉木、马尾松混交林土壤有机质和腐殖质碳的研究

对枫香与杉木、马尾松混交后土壤有机质碳和腐殖质碳的变化进行研究表明:枫香与杉木、马尾松混交后,增加了土壤的有机质碳和腐殖质碳的储量,0~20 cm土层增加的幅度大于20~40 cm土层。从腐殖质的组成来看,混交林土壤无论是胡敏酸、富啡酸还是土壤腐殖化度都大于纯林,混交林土壤胡敏酸与富啡酸比值(HA/FA)也大于纯林。从而表明了混交林土壤腐殖物质的品质变佳,土壤熟化度增大,土壤供肥保肥的能力增强,土壤肥力得以提高。     

竹活性炭处理六价铬废水的试验研究

用竹子加工的下脚料制得的竹活性炭,对六价铬废水进行净化处理。结果表明,竹活性炭对六价铬废水处理效果良好,实验探讨了竹活性炭处理六价铬废水的一般规律及影响因素。     

Temporal changes in soil carbon and nitrogen in west African multistrata agroforestry systems: a chronosequence of pools and fluxes

The conversion of forests to agroecosystems or agroforests comes with many changes in biological and chemical processes. Agroforestry, a tree based agroecosystem, has shown promise with respect to enhanced system nutrient accumulation after land conversion as compared to sole cropping systems. Previous research on tropical agroforestry systems has revealed increases in soil organic matter and total organic nitrogen in the short term. However, research is lacking on long-term system level sustainability of nutrient cycles and storage, specifically in traditional multi-strata agroforestry systems, as data on both the scope and duration of nutrient instability are inconclusive and often conflicting. This study, conducted in Ghana, West Africa, focused on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a twenty-five year chronosequence of cacao (Theobroma cacao Linn.) plantations. Three treatments were selected as on-farm research sites: 2, 15 and 25-year-old plantations. Soil carbon (C, to a depth of 15 cm) varied between treatments (2 years: 22.6 Mg C ha⁻¹; 15 years: 17.6 Mg C ha⁻¹; 25 years: 18.2 Mg C ha⁻¹) with a significant difference between the 2- and 15- and the 2- and 25-year-old treatments (p < 0.05). Total soil nitrogen in the top 15 cm varied between 1.09 and 1.25 Mg N ha⁻¹ but no significant differences were noted between treatments. Soil nitrification rates and litter fall increased significantly with treatment age. However, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and soil temperature showed a significant decrease with age. No difference was found between decay rates of litter at each treatment age. By 25 years, system carbon sequestration rates were 3 Mg C ha⁻¹ y⁻¹, although results suggest that even by 15 years, system-level attributes were progressing towards those of a natural system.     

Estimated stocks of organic carbon in mangrove roots and sediments in Hinchinbrook Channel,Australia

Aboveground and belowground root biomasses (Babove and Broot) were measured for young, isolated Rhizophorastylosa on Iriomote Island, Japan. The relationship between these two parameters was significant and given as the equation, Broot(g dry weight) = 0.394 × Babove(g dry weight) – 485 (r = 0.986). Multiple regression analyses also revealed good correlation between diameter and biomass of prop roots (Dprop and Bprop) and between prop root and root biomasses. Consequently, root biomass could be estimated from the measurements of diameter and biomass of prop roots using the multiple regression equation, Broot(g dry weight) = 80.0 ×Dprop(cm) + 0.86 ×Bprop (g dry weight) – 251. The relationship between DBH (diameter at breast height) and prop root biomass was also adequately described using an allometric equation.In Hinchinbrook Channel, Australia, redox potential (measured as Eh) and organic carbon stocks in the top 5cm of mangrove sediments were measured along a 600m transect from the frequently inundated, Rhizophora dominated zone on the creek edge, towards higher grounds, where Ceriops spp. became increasingly dominant. Eh values were about –60mV near the creek edge and increased to 260mV on higher grounds. Organic carbon stocks showed an opposite trend to Eh, with the values decreasing from about 360tCha–1 to 160tCha–1. At 18 sites, representing six different habitats, organic carbon stocks were also measured along with the DBH of mangrove trees. DBH was converted into aboveground biomass and then into root biomass using the equations obtained in the study on Iriomote Island. The average organic carbon stocks in the top 50 cm of sediments, aboveground biomass and root biomass were 296tCha–1, 123 tCha–1 and 52 tCha–1, respectively, and accounted for 64%, 25% and 11% of the total organic carbon stock.