宁夏荒漠草原不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳的影响

以宁夏荒漠草原不同土地利用方式(耕地、弃耕地、草地和柠条地)的土壤为研究对象,测定了不同土层土壤有机碳和活性有机碳含量,分析了土壤活性有机碳占有机碳的比例,以期探寻不同土地利用方式对土壤活性有机碳的影响。结果表明:不同土地利用方式土壤总有机碳含量范围在1.78~6.17 g·kg^-1,具体表现为弃耕地>柠条地>草地>耕地。表层(0~5 cm)土壤有机碳含量显著高于深层(10~60 cm),说明荒漠草原土壤有机碳主要富集在表层;4种土地利用方式土壤易氧化有机碳含量为0.57~1.38 mg·g^-1,变化趋势具体表现为柠条地>草地>耕地>弃耕地,且柠条地在每个土层都高于其它3种土地利用方式;土壤可溶性有机碳含量范围为6.8~11.1 mg·kg^-1,变化趋势表现为草地>耕地>柠条地>弃耕地。土壤易氧化有机碳含量占有机碳的比例范围为13.7%~43.1%,大小排序为柠条地>耕地>草地>弃耕地;土壤可溶性有机碳含量占有机碳的比例范围为0.11%~0.48%,比例大小为耕地>草地>柠条地>弃耕地,耕地和草地中土壤可溶性有机碳含量占有机碳比例随着土壤深度的增加而减小,这与有机碳在耕地和草地中变化趋势一致。土地利用变化可以显著影响土壤活性有机碳的含量与分布,能够敏感的反映土壤碳库的变化,可以作为评价宁夏荒漠草原土壤质量和肥力的指标之一。     

长期秸秆掩埋配施氮肥对土壤细菌群落特征的影响

为揭示典型潮土微生物群落及其生态网络对秸秆还田的响应机制,选择长期小麦-玉米轮作下不同秸秆还田处理的试验地为对象,应用高通量测序和生态网络等方法,阐明秸秆掩埋配施不同氮肥后土壤细菌群落组成、细菌网络共存关系以及与土壤养分的关联。结果表明：（1）与秸秆移除且不施氮肥处理相比,秸秆还田配合常规施肥处理显著降低土壤pH,提高了土壤全氮、有机碳、有效磷、速效钾和硝态氮含量（P < 0.05）。秸秆掩埋配施氮肥有利于增加土壤养分含量。（2）不同秸秆还田方式和氮肥施用量处理的细菌Alpha多样性无显著差异,而细菌群落结构差异显著。pH、SOC和TN等因子驱动了细菌群落结构变异。酸杆菌门、变形菌门、拟杆菌门和绿弯菌门是潮土细菌群落的主要优势菌门。（3）共现网络分析得到4个主要的生态集群,均与土壤养分有显著相关性。模块1中物种丰度与SOC、TN、TP、NO3- -N、AP和AK呈极显著负相关（P < 0.001）,与pH呈极显著正相关（P < 0.001）;模块2和模块3中物种丰度与大部分养分含量呈正相关,与pH呈负相关。因此秸秆还田配施氮肥可以通过调节细菌互作关系,从而调控土壤肥力。研究结果可为秸秆的资源化利用和土壤施肥管理提供科学依据。     

有机与常规‘脐红’猕猴桃营养品质动态分析

通过对常规与有机‘脐红’猕猴桃,从刚采收的鲜果（可溶性固形物>6.5）在常温条件下贮存到腐烂,每间隔7天测定果实的硬度、可溶性固形物、总酸、固酸比和Vc含量,分析‘脐红’猕猴桃在后熟过程中营养品质变化动态,有利于指导人们在果实营养品质最佳时食用。结果显示,猕猴桃果实在从采收成熟度向生理成熟度过渡时,果实硬度和总酸都随时间的延长而下降,而可溶性固形物、固酸比和Vc含量先升高再降低;有机栽培果实的营养品质和贮藏品质都优于常规栽培。     

Soil and sediment contamination by persistent organic pollutants in the Moravian and Slovakian parts of the danube catchment area and some Bohemian sites in the elbe catchment area

Polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, HCBs and p, p'-DDE were determined in soil and sediment samples from selected sites in Czecho-Slovakia. for the first three groups of chemicals soil pollution in Czecho-Slovakia is very high. in general, The pollution is higher in the Elbe than in the Danube catchment sediments.     

Enhancement of revegetation on construction fill by fertilizer and topsoil application: Effect on mycorrhizal infection

The influence of topsoil and fertilizer application on denuded road construction sites was evaluated to assess its contribution to improvement of vegetation re-establishment. the study sites were within a mixed hardwood and conifer forest on crushed, unweathered subsurface material with low fertility and low biological activity. Topsoils were removed from the site, stockpiled and reapplied to the site after construction. the effect of topsoil amendment on plant growth, soil fertility, mycorrhizal infection and an index of microbial biomass were measured in field and greenhouse experiments. Plant growth on the topsoil amended field plots were greatly increased relative to treatments with fertilizer but no topsoil. Three years after establishment, dry weight production on the plots without topsoil treatment was about 40 per cent of the plots treated with topsoil. Greenhouse experiments were designed to compare fresh, dried and stockpiled topsoil. These experiments indicated that storage of the harvested topsoil for five months in a stockpile had minor effects on plant growth, soil fertility, mycorrhizal infection and microbial biomass. Topsoil volumes had to exceed 20 per cent of the total soil volume to achieve statistically significant benefits and higher ratios showed greater benefit. the percentage of mycorrhizal infection was greatest in topsoil treatments without fertilizer. the addition of fertilizer increased growth but reduced the percentage of roots forming mycorrhizae. When the total weight of infected roots was calculated, however, infection was found to be greatest with a moderate level of fertilizer (equivalent to approximately 27 kg N ha⁻¹ and 39 kg P ha⁻¹), and was less in both higher fertilizer treatments and in unfertilized treatments. Topsoil amendment increased microbial biomass nitrogen but fertilizer treatment did not.     

复合硅改性热处理杨木的制备及性能

[目的]针对木材树脂改性剂释放甲醛不环保,无机改性材吸湿性高等问题,将廉价易得的硅石粉溶液化,再有机杂化,制得高渗透、环保、防火的水溶性木材复合硅改性剂,通过真空加压浸渍处理和热处理联合改性,可以有效提高木材的物理力学和阻燃等性能.[方法]分别制备硅油复合硅改性剂(SC2)和偶联剂杂化硅改性剂(HS2),对人工林杨木进...     

有机肥替代化肥对桃产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响

根据临沂市目前桃园化肥使用情况,探究有机肥替代部分化肥对桃园土壤养分含量、树体营养水平及果实品质产量的影响,以期为减少化肥使用,改善桃园土壤环境,提升桃果实质量提供理论依据。试验在6树龄的桃园进行,设置40%、70%和100%3个梯度有机肥替代量,与完全施用化肥做比较,进行田间试验,对桃产量、品质及土壤肥力的影响进行测定。结果显示,6龄左右桃园施用40%有机肥替代量比较适宜,对桃树营养生长发育促进最为明显,对果实品质提升最为显著,产量也表现最高,比只施用化肥增产5961.0 kg/hm²,增产率为17.6%,比只施用有机肥增产7105.5 kg/hm²,增产率为21.0%。在临沂市桃生产中,推荐40%有机肥替代量常规复合肥进行推广应用。     

The potential of mini-ridging for controlling intrarow weeds: estimating minimum lethal burial depth

Weed management using synthetic herbicides is undergoing a global decline, necessitating a re-evaluation of existing control measures and the development of novel weed management tools. ‘Mini-ridging’ is a non-discriminatory, physical weeding method that functions by burying weeds in the intrarow with a laterally shifted ridge of soil. In glasshouse trials using potted plants, we found that plant recovery after soil application was influenced by plant size, which in turn was influenced by plant species, developmental stage and/or age. The likelihood of plant recovery after soil application was negatively related to the depth of soil applied: very few plants survived total coverage by soil but, conversely, survival could be substantial if some parts of the plants were not covered. The results suggest that burial under a depth of 6 cm of soil would eliminate most plants regardless of species or growth stage. Larger plants would require the application of a greater total depth of soil to achieve this 6 cm of soil cover, and weed management would, therefore, tend to be more successful and more practical if weeds were targeted when still small. This research demonstrates the potential of plant burial as a simple and reliable means of non-chemical weed management, and re-emphasises that, for weed control to be effective, the applied soil layer must cover the whole plant.