Relay-intercropping soybean with maize maintains soil fertility and increases nitrogen recovery efficiency by reducing nitrogen input

Optimized nitrogen(N)management can increase N-use efficiency in intercropping systems.Legume-nonlegume intercropping systems can reduce N input by exploiting biological N fixation by legumes.Measurement of N utilization can help in dissecting the mechanisms underlying N uptake and utilization in legume-nonlegume intercropping systems.An experiment was performed with three planting patterns:monoculture maize(MM),monoculture soybean(SS),and maize-soybean relay intercropping(IMS),and three N application levels:zero N(NN),reduced N(RN),and conventional N(CN)to investigate crop N uptake and utilization characteristics.N recovery efficiency and 15N recovery rate of crops were higher under RN than under CN,and those under RN were higher under intercropping than under the corresponding monocultures.Compared with MM,IMS showed a lower soil N-dependent rate(SNDR)in 2012.However,the SNDR of MM rapidly declined from 86.8%in 2012 to 49.4%in 2014,whereas that of IMS declined slowly from 75.4%in 2012 to 69.4%in 2014.The interspecific N competition rate(NCRms)was higher under RN than under CN,and increased yearly.Soybean nodule dry weight and nitrogenase activities were respectively 34.2%and 12.5%higher under intercropping than in monoculture at the beginning seed stage.The amount(Ndfa)and ratio(%Ndfa)of soybean N2 fixation were significantly greater under IS than under SS.In conclusion,N fertilizer was more efficiently used under RN than under CN;in particular,the relay intercropping system promoted N fertilizer utilization in comparison with the corresponding monocultures.An intercropping system helps to maintain soil fertility because interspecific N competition promotes biological N fixation by soybean by reducing N input.Thus,a maize-soybean relay intercropping system with reduced N application is sustainable and environmentally friendly.     

Banishing barberry: The history of Berberis vulgaris prevalence and wheat stem rust incidence across Britain

Wheat stem rust, caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt), is a notoriously damaging disease of wheat and barley. Pgt requires two hosts to complete its lifecycle; undergoing asexual reproduction on cereal crops and completing sexual reproduction on Berberis spp. The latter stage of its lifecycle is of particular importance in temperate regions such as western Europe, where asexual urediniospores are unable to survive cold winter weather. In the past, the crucial role of Berberis in the lifecycle of stem rust led to intensive eradication campaigns, initially carried out by farmers in the face of hostile scientific opinion. In the United Kingdom, common barberry (Berberis vulgaris) is today a relatively rare plant. Stem rust is, however, currently experiencing a resurgence; at the same time, there has been a general increase in the prevalence of barberry and an upsurge in its planting which, in the United Kingdom, is associated with attempts to encourage the endangered barberry carpet moth (Pareulype berberata). This article situates current developments within a broader chronological framework, examining changing attitudes towards barberry and rust in England in the past and the history of the plant's use and cultivation. It assesses how widespread B. vulgaris really was in the environment historically, and thus the scale of its eradication. We suggest that Berberis was never widely established as an archaeophyte in the United Kingdom. Current attempts to re-establish it are based on a misunderstanding of the plant's historical status and could potentially pose a serious threat to food security.     

麦棉套种共生期土壤水分对冬小麦产量和品质的影响

在3-1式和4-2式2种麦棉套种方式的条件下,在防雨棚内采用小区试验研究了麦棉共生期间土壤水分条件对冬小麦产量和品质的影响。试验结果表明,麦棉共生期间土壤水分显著影响了冬小麦的产量和品质。冬小麦籽粒中含水率、沉降值、蛋白质随土壤水分增加而降低;较低的土壤含水量处理小麦籽粒蛋白质含量增加;2种套种方式均以70%土壤含水量处理的冬小麦产量最高,土壤水分升高或下降都会降低产量;3-1套种方式小麦籽粒蛋白质和湿面筋含量显著高于4-2式。     

浙西南山区旱地多熟间套作不同培肥方法的效果研究

通过采取一年三熟间套作三年定位培肥的方法,设三季栏肥还地、三季秸秆 冬绿肥还地、三季秸秆还地、冬绿肥还地及主施化肥(对照)等5个处理,进行不同培肥方法对一年三熟间套作物增产效果和土质改良效果的研究。试验结果表明:栏肥还地对各熟作物增产效果显著,并有效改善了土壤肥力,其次为三季秸秆 冬绿肥>三季秸秆>冬绿肥>对照。     

镇巴县药用大黄林药间作技术研究

为研究药用大黄林药间作的关键技术,于陕西省镇巴县盐场镇响洞村退耕香椿林地下移栽一年生药用大黄种苗,并测定其生长发育情况。结果表明,药用大黄生物量的积累随种植年度的增加而增加,第1年增长较为缓慢,第2年、第3年增速较快;不同郁闭度对药用大黄生物量的积累有显著性影响,当郁闭度为40%时,生物量积累最为显著,药用大黄平均单根鲜重高达5.3 kg。镇巴县药用大黄与香椿树林药间作,可以有效地缓解土地资源匮乏,保护野生资源不被破坏,同时也是生态种植的一种应用,为镇巴县林药间作模式提供有效的技术支撑。     

玉米根系分泌物对连作花生土壤酚酸类物质化感作用的影响

为探究玉米花生间作系统中玉米根系分泌物对连作花生土壤的酚酸类物质化感作用的影响机制,利用CH2Cl2提取了玉米抽雄期根系分泌物,通过室内模拟培养法,研究了玉米根系分泌物对含有不同浓度肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸及对羟基苯甲酸3种酚酸类物质土壤的微生态环境的影响。结果表明,酚酸类物质均显著降低了土壤微生物量碳和氮的含量,抑制了土壤微生物活性,土壤酶（脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶）活性和养分含量（碱解氮、有效磷和有效钾）亦显著降低,且浓度越高化感抑制作用（RI＜0）越强（P＜0.05）。玉米根系分泌物可降低酚酸类物质对土壤微生物活性、微生物量、酶活性及养分含量的化感指数,以低浓度处理的降幅较大,且在处理第5 d和10 d显著增加了3种酚酸类物质处理的土壤呼吸强度、酶活性、微生物量及养分含量（P＜0.05）;不同酚酸类物质中,以邻苯二甲酸所受影响最大。整个培养时期,玉米根系分泌物对酚酸类物质化感作用的影响以处理第5 d最强,随后呈减弱趋势。3次取样,土壤微生物量、微生物活性、酶活性和养分含量的化感指数分别降低10.03%~64.13%、9.72%~57.51%、13.16%~78.85%和5.88%~59.71%。玉米根系分泌物可通过提高土壤微生物量、微生物活性及养分含量,来降低肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸和对羟基苯甲酸对土壤微生态环境的化感作用。结果为玉米花生间作缓解花生连作障碍技术提供一定的理论依据。     

间作对作物产量效应的Meta分析

旨在探明间作模式对作物产量的影响,为间作措施的合理应用和推广提供理论依据。该研究以单作为对照,利用Meta分析方法定量分析间作对作物产量的影响及其影响因素。结果表明,间作较单作显著降低了作物产量,尤其在温带地区。此外,在地面覆盖和豆科作物条件下,间作也降低了作物产量。然而,当降雨量超过600 mm时,间作较单作的作物产量显著增加了29.6%。而当降雨量小于600 mm时,间作较单作的作物产量降低了18.7%。年均气温也显著影响间作的产量效应,当年均气温高于20℃时,间作较单作的作物产量降低了55.1%,长期间作（>5年）有利于提高产量,然而当年数少于3年时,间作较单作却降低了作物产量。高有机质含量(>20 g/kg)和低有机质含量(1 g/kg)条件下,间作均不利于作物产量提高。与此类似,当土壤全氮高于1.5 g/kg时,间作较单作的作物产量降低48.6%。间作对作物产量的降低幅度在pH 6.5~7.5时是最大的。当土壤有效磷、氮和钾含量分别为>30 mg/kg、 <50 mg/kg和50~100 mg/kg时间作较单作降低作物产量。因此,间作的产量效应受气候、试验年限和土壤性状等多种因素的影响。     

麦棉套作方式下小麦棵间蒸发量研究

测定了不同麦棉套作方式下的小麦棵间蒸发量,分析了麦棉套作小麦棵间蒸发日变化规律,研究了不同生育阶段的棵间蒸发量与耗水量,并建立了麦棉套作小麦棵间蒸发与单作小麦棵间蒸发比值与叶面积指数和株高的复合函数关系.     

不同种植方式土地利用效率的定量评价

 【目的】针对目前土地当量比在间作应用中存在的问题，分析土地当量比概念的实质是评价不同种植方式的土地利用效率。【方法】采用理论分析与田间试验结果相结合的方法。【结果】在研究土地当量比内涵的基础上，结合实例进一步就应用土地当量比评价复种套作、间混作及轮作等不同种植方式的土地利用效率进行了深入探讨，明确了土地当量比是评价不同种植方式土地利用效率的客观指标。【结论】复种套作、间混作及轮作的土地当量比分别为1.68、1.38和1.21，三种不同的种植方式土地利用效率较单作分别提高68％、38％和21％。     

不同施氮水平下春夏玉米套作对全株饲用营养价值的影响

【目的】以单作为对照，研究不同施氮水平下春夏玉米套作对全年饲用营养价值的影响。【方法】采用随机区组设计，研究不同施氮水平下套作体系中春玉米、夏玉米及全年生物产量、粗蛋白产量和粗脂肪产量与单作的差异，并从氮素吸收利用、气候因素等方面分析造成差异的原因。【结果】套作显著提高了全年的生物产量和营养价值。套作体系N1（187.5 kg•ha-1）和N2（375 kg•ha-1）条件下的全株粗蛋白产量的土地当量比分别为1.54和1.77，全株粗脂肪产量的土地当量比分别为1.39和2.55。套作条件下，单季作物的生物产量和营养价值一般比单作低。但在N2条件下，春玉米全株粗脂肪产量高于单作，夏玉米全株粗蛋白产量与单作差异不显著。套作体系全年吸氮量显著低于单作，但随着施氮量的增加其吸氮量增幅高于单作。【结论】与单作相比，春夏玉米套作体系利于全年营养价值的提高。这种效应是氮素营养状况及气候因素状况等共同作用的结果。在套作体系中，春玉米营养价值受竞争影响较大，而夏玉米受竞争影响较小，这与竞争发生时作物所处的时期不同有关。合理增施氮肥可以缓解复合群体的竞争而使营养价值显著提高。