发酵条件对生防细菌B301生长及抑菌物质产生的影响

为明确生防细菌B301菌株的发酵条件对菌株繁殖及产生拮抗物质水平的影响,研究了发酵时间、温度、pH值、碳源、氮源及通气量对B301的繁殖量及抗菌物质产生量的影响作用。结果表明:生防细菌B301发酵适宜温度为28℃,在该温度下发酵3 d达到菌体最大数量,抑菌效价在发酵5 d后最高;pH值为7是适宜菌株生长繁殖的酸碱环境,并且在该条件下抑菌物质效价最高,蔗糖、葡萄糖和蛋白胨分别是最适合菌株生长及产生抑菌物质的碳源和氮源;加大通气量能更好地促进B301的繁殖及抑菌物质的分泌。     

旱地保护性耕作对土壤理化性状和冬小麦生理特性的影响

本研究结果表明,与传统旋耕相比,旱地实行保护性耕作后,土壤容重和土壤温度得以改善,土壤含水率显著增加,土壤有机质含量提高,养分状况改善。对小麦生理特性的研究表明,采用保护性耕作种植的小麦单株分蘖力强,生育后期叶面积系数较高,干物质生产能力较强,公顷穗数显著高于传统旋耕,最终产量较传统旋耕增产27.4%。对比小麦当季水分生产效率,保护性耕作高于传统旋耕39.5%,达14.35 kg.mm-1.h-1。     

秸秆厌氧发酵条件优化的研究

采用批式厌氧消化技术和排水集气法,以沼液为启动菌源,在室内分别模拟中温条件下(35℃)不同长度和不同接种量的麦秆和玉米秆产气量、甲烷含量和二氧化碳含量。结果显示,麦秸秆在长度<0.5cm、接种量为10%时产气量和产气质量达到最优;玉米秸秆在长度为0.5～1cm时产气量和产气质量达到最优效果。     

Growth and condition of marron Cherax tenuimanus fed pelleted diets of different stability

Six groups of 0 + marron Cherax tenuimanus were reared on commercial marron diets based on two different fish meals in a study lasting 4 months. Both diets were prepared in a stable and an unstable pelleted form. Matron fed with koi carp or salmon diet and unfed were used as reference groups. Matron were reared communally in tanks (5 m⁻²) and individually in an intensive crayfish culture system (ICCS, 25 m⁻²). Marron were fed at the rate of 6.5% of their body weight per week. Groups fed with stable diets showed larger weight increment at moult, shorter intermoult period, and higher specific growth rate than groups fed with similar unstable diets. Stable matron diets resulted in faster growth than fish diets. There were no differences in hepatopancreatic indices of marron fed with stable diets or similar unstable diets in the ICCS. The condition of hepatopancreata of marron reared in communal tanks were better than those of marron reared in the ICCS on a similar diet. Results indicate that marron production can be improved using stable pelleted diets in both intensive and semi-intensive culture.     

Evaluation of coral bleaching condition <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> using an underwater pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer

ABSTRACT:   Photosynthetic activities of hermatypic corals (28 genera, c . 68 species and c. 92 specimen) were measured in November 2000 at Sekisei lagoon, Okinawa, Japan, using an underwater pulse amplitude modulated fluorometer. Maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm) ranged from 0.61 to 0.70 and had an average value of 0.664 (standard deviation [SD], 0.0289). Following the measurement of Fv/Fm, quantum yield (Fm'-F)/Fm' at eight-leveled actinic-light intensities were obtained from all specimens. Values of electronic transport rates (ETR) were nearly the same under low photosynthetic active radiation (PAR; µmol quanta/m² per s) condition and varied with increasing PAR. The value of ETR at 100 µmol quanta/m² per s ranged from 21.3 to 30.0 and had an average of 27.8 (SD, 2.09). In August 2001, a coral bleaching event was observed in Sekisei Lagoon. During the event, photosynthetic activities of 21 specimens of eight species (seven genera) were measured. By applying two indicators, Fv/Fm and ETR at 100 µmol quanta/m² per s obtained in August 2000, 18 of 21 specimens were suggested under the bleaching process. In case of Porites lutea , seven colonies were visually evaluated for their condition of bleaching and were found to have two 'normal', three 'slightly bleached' and two 'heavily bleached'. From the density of zooxanthellae, colonies evaluated 'normal' or 'slightly bleached' did not show an apparent difference. However, they were clearly identified by Fm/Fv and ETR at 100 µmol quanta/m² per s.     

Linking geomorphic character,behaviour and condition to fluvial biodiversity: implications for river management

• 1. The River Styles^® framework is a geomorphic approach to the classification of river types, assessment of the physical condition of rivers, and planning of physical rehabilitation. However, the linkages between River Styles and aquatic biodiversity conservation are still only weakly developed.
• 2. In this study, 41 sites in the Bega River basin in New South Wales, Australia, were classified according to River Style and geomorphic condition, and surveyed for four biological assemblages: diatoms, aquatic and semi‐aquatic macrophytes, aquatic macroinvertebrates and fish.
• 3. Each assemblage differed significantly among River Styles. However, in the case of diatoms and fish, these differences could be accounted for by geographic clustering of sites in the same River Style, and a tendency for River Styles to occupy particular altitudinal zones and sizes of streams. This result was attributed to the overriding influences of water quality on diatoms and of altitude‐related variation in water temperature and distance from the ocean on fish. For macrophytes and macroinvertebrates, geomorphic river type appeared to exert a direct influence, probably via variation in physical habitat characteristics.
• 4. Geomorphic condition, judged as good, moderate or poor by reference to the inferred natural condition of each River Style, was also significantly associated with differences in biological assemblages other than fish. Twice as many taxa appeared to favour sites in good geomorphic condition as favoured sites in poor condition. Many of the taxa associated with sites in poor condition are alien taxa introduced to Australia since European settlement.
• 5. These findings imply that protection of reaches that are in good geomorphic condition is likely to be critical for the maintenance of indigenous biodiversity, and that rehabilitation of geomorphic condition can assist in the rehabilitation of native riverine biota.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of image and rapid field assessments of riparian zone condition in Australian tropical savannas

Suitable methods for measuring and monitoring the condition of riparian environments are being investigated by government agencies responsible for maintaining these environments in Australia. The objective of this work was to compare two riparian condition assessment approaches, the Tropical Rapid Appraisal of Riparian Condition (TRARC) method developed for rapid on-ground assessment of the environmental condition of savanna riparian zones and an image based riparian condition monitoring scheme. Measurements derived from these two approaches were compared and correlated. The sample representativeness of the TRARC method was evaluated and the cost-effectiveness and suitability for multi-temporal analysis of the two approaches were assessed. Two high spatial resolution multi-spectral QuickBird satellite images captured in 2004 and 2005 and coincident field data covering sections of the Daly River in the Northern Territory, Australia were used in this work. Both field and image data were processed to map indicators of riparian zone condition including percentage canopy cover, organic litter on the ground, canopy continuity, tree clearing, bank stability, and flood damage. Spectral vegetation indices, image segmentation, and supervised classification were used to produce riparian health indicator maps. QuickBird image data were used to examine if the spatial distribution of TRARC transects provided a representative sample of ground based estimates of riparian health indicators. Covering approximately 3% of the study area, the sample mean of the TRARC estimates of individual indicators of riparian zone condition were in most cases within 20% of the global mean derived from the whole imaged riparian area. The cost-effectiveness of the image based approach was compared to that of the ground based TRARC method. Results showed that the TRARC method was more cost-effective at spatial scales from 1 km to 200 km of river in relatively homogeneous riparian zones along rivers with only one channel, while image based assessment becomes more feasible at regional scales (200–2000 km of river). A change detection analysis demonstrated that image data can provide detailed information on gradual change, while the TRARC method is less suited for multi-temporal analysis due to the ranked data format, which inhibits precise detection of change. However, results from both methods were considered to complement each other for single date assessment of riparian zones if used at appropriate spatial scales.     

三明格氏栲自然保护区土壤条件和肥力状况的研究

研究表明 ,天然格氏栲林下土壤的质地大都为重壤土至轻粘土 ,其土壤的全氮、有机质及速效养分含量都明显高于其他林分的土壤。天然格氏栲林下土壤进入红壤土壤成土过程的最高阶段 ,形成具有较高肥力的土壤     

水曲柳幼林适生立地条件研究

在帽儿山地区对不同立地条件下水曲柳人工幼林生长指标进行标准地调查,并运用数量化方法研究了影响水曲柳人工林生长的立地因子。结果表明：影响水曲柳人工林生长的主要立地因子依次为坡位,土壤A层厚,坡向和坡度,其中坡位为主导因子。水曲柳人工林在中上坡位生长最好,在下坡位生长差。根据立地因子划分了34个立地类型。此外对不同立地类型的养分状况进行了分析,发现养分并不是限制水曲柳生长的主要因子。     

立地条件与柳杉生长量关系研究初报

对９年生柳杉人工林的２６个样地调查其立地条件与生长量之间的关系，初步研究表明：当土壤疏松层厚于３０ｃｍ时，柳杉生长良好，浅于２０ｃｍ时，柳杉生长不良；柳杉生长受地形影响，在山洼、山谷处生长最好，山坡、山顶、山脊则较差。