低温等离子放电与催化剂结合方式对生物油提质的影响

为提高生物油的提质效率,在HZSM-5及Ti/HZSM-5催化的基础上引入低温等离子体技术,分析等离子体协同催化(PSC)和等离子体增强催化(PEC)等不同结合方式对精制生物油产率、理化特性、化学组成及催化剂稳定性的影响。结果表明,Ti改性和等离子体放电使精制生物油产率逐渐降低,Ti/HZSM-5(PEC)催化所得精制生物油产率较低,生物油质量分数为13. 84%,但烃类物质的分布得到明显改善;而Ti/HZSM-5(PSC)催化所得精制生物油中烃类总含量略低,但高氢碳比产物相对含量达68. 89%,理化特性较优,高位热值达到36. 52 MJ/kg; PSC方法等离子体对催化剂表面的冲击作用较强,使催化剂结焦量相对较低,Ti/HZSM-5(PSC)的结焦量较低,积分面积仅为5. 24%,催化稳定性较高。综合而言,基于Ti/HZSM-5的催化作用,PSC方法优于PEC方法。     

串联机器人多模式标定与刚柔耦合误差补偿方法研究

工业串联机器人有着较大的几何误差,还存在着不可忽视的非几何误差,使其在高精度领域的应用受限。本文建立了一种包含几何与柔性误差的完整刚柔耦合位置误差模型,并采用基于预测残差和加权递推平均滤波算法改进的Levenberg-Marquardt算法(M-LMA)辨识耦合误差参数。为了提高测量过程的效率及可靠性,结合测量设备的检测特性与末端执行器的几何特性两种外部约束,提出了一种基于线性递减权重的粒子群算法(LDW-PSOA)的测量位姿智能选取方法。重点提出了一种局部精补偿方法,其可与标定或者全局补偿同时使用,也可直接单独使用。同时,根据机器人自身特性及加工需求,提出了一种基于预测精度与参数数量的模型择优方法,并且制定了一种多模式精度提高策略。此外,将本文所建立的模型及提出的算法集成于Matlab开发平台,实现GUI交互系统。实验结果表明,本文提出的精度提高策略不仅能以多种方式实现机器人高精度定位的性能,且具有高效可靠的测量过程。     

规模猪场养分管理工程技术模式分析研究

随着我国规模化畜禽养殖业的不断发展,环境保护和养分管理两大问题日益突出。该文以规模猪场为研究对象,介绍了国外养分管理模式,总结分析了我国以沼气技术为主的规模猪场养分管理工程技术模式的应用现状、技术特点和存在问题,并提出了适合我国规模养猪发展的养分管理框架。结果表明,我国现有的养分管理模式偏重于前端的粪污处理,而后续的养分循环脱节严重,导致综合效益无法充分体现。通过构建新的养分管理框架和模式,提升政府支持和主导地位,提高养殖业主和农户的积极性,寻求养殖规模、粪污水量、种植规模、种植模式等的合理匹配才能实现养分在种植和养殖业的双向高效循环。     

复合材料简支梁的模态分析

利用ABAQUS软件建立复合材料简支梁的有限元模型,并进行模态分析。分析复合材料简支梁的前6阶振型,研究铺层方式、铺层角度和铺层数目对复合材料简支梁固有频率的影响。结果显示:采用不同的铺层方式,简支梁1~10阶的固有频率都是单调递增的;简支梁1~10阶的固有频率随铺层角度的增加,从总体来看呈下降趋势;而随着铺层数目的增加,简支梁1~10阶的固有频率都呈现上升趋势,且铺层数目对复合材料简支梁固有频率的影响最大。     

果蔬热风干燥含水率在线测量装置设计与试验

为了实现果蔬热风干燥的智能化控制,综合运用数学模型法与介电常数法,以IAP15W4K58S4型单片机为主控芯片,利用现有的高精度电容传感器AD7746,设计了基于MCU的果蔬热风干燥含水率在线测量装置。以鸡腿菇为研究对象,通过热风干燥试验,建立了可准确预测其热风干燥过程中含水率的数学模型和相对介电常数-含水率计算模型,并用程序语言将模型进行编码及编译并写入系统,实现了双模式测量。验证结果表明:该装置能准确测量鸡腿菇热风干燥过程中的含水率,测量结果相对误差小于3%。     

大型灌区“良治”管理模式框架初

大型灌区在我国历史和经济社会发展中一直占有十分重要的地位，但在很多方面，特别是在制度建设和社会治理方面还存在着不少的问题。通过对“良治”理论的简要介绍，以都江堰灌区为例，分析了影响灌区发展的主要制约因素，提出了以建立起一个符合我国实际的大型灌区“良治”管理模式框架。     

南水北调东线泵站变速运行模式的适应性

以南水北调东线工程源头泵站江都四站为例,通过单机组优化运行（叶片全调节、变频变速）数学模型的求解、分析可知,在南水北调东线源头泵站扬程变幅（日均扬程7.8~3.8 m,潮差1.2 m）范围内,不管是否实行峰谷电价,泵站叶片全调节优化运行是较为合适的运行模式;变频变速运行仅在扬程低于5.0 m、非满负荷运行时优于叶片全调节;在满负荷工作时,泵站变频变速与定角恒速运行相比,变频变速优化运行带来的效益不足以抵消变频装置的耗损.同时,从泵装置运行的机理出发,证明了大型提水泵站只有在一次调水过程中的扬程变幅足够大时,变频变速优化运行才能产生效益的论点.该成果可为南水北调东线大型泵站的改造、优化运行提供理论依据.     

Characterization of a USDA Kentucky Bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) Core Collection for Reproductive Mode and DNA Content by Flow Cytometry

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is an important turf and forage grass species with a facultative apomictic breeding behavior. In this study, mature seed and leaf tissue from 38 accessions of a USDA core collection of Kentucky bluegrass were analyzed with flow cytometry to characterize the reproductive mode and DNA content for each accession. Major reproductive pathways for each accession were determined based upon the presence and the position of the peaks observed and the known methods of reproduction for Kentucky bluegrass. While the majority of the accessions exhibited facultative apomictic reproductive behavior with a combination of reduced, zygotic and unreduced, parthenogenic embryo production, obligate sexual or obligate apomictic accessions were also found to be present in this core collection. In addition, reduced, parthenogenic and unreduced zygotic embryos were also detected in several accessions. Flow cytometric analysis of somatic tissue revealed a large range of DNA variation within this core collection. We also examined the sensitivity of flow cytometry in analyzing bulked samples containing a large number of plants with varied DNA content and determined that flow cytometry can effectively detect a plant having a different DNA content within a 15-plant bulk sample. Overall the combination of mature seed and somatic tissue analysis generated important information for the Kentucky bluegrass core collection and can be an effective and affordable tool to characterize even greater numbers of Kentucky bluegrass accessions.     

The amphibian chytrid fungus along an altitudinal transect before the first reported declines in Costa Rica

Amphibian populations have declined and disappeared in protected and apparently undisturbed areas around the world, especially in montane areas of the tropics. The amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis has been implicated in many of these declines. In Costa Rica most declines occurred in the highlands. We examined an amphibian collection made in Braulio Carrillo National Park in 1986 for the amphibian chytrid fungus B. dendrobatidis, prior to the well documented amphibian declines in Monteverde, along an altitudinal transect from 100 to 2600 m elev. Skin from the pelvic patch of 202 specimens corresponding to 30 species was examined histologically to determine whether the disease was present in the highlands of the park before amphibian populations declined. For comparison, in 2002 we collected and examined 18 specimens of seven species of Eleutherodactylus and Craugastor from two other lowland Caribbean sites. The chytrid fungus was present in almost all altitudes in 1986, including lower areas. The pathogen was also found in both species that later declined and in species that did not do so. We detected chytrid fungus on amphibians collected at almost all altitudes in 1986, including those sampled at 280 m. B. dendrobatidis was abundant in frogs collected in the 2002 survey, and seems to be endemic in most of Costa Rica. More retrospective museum surveys are needed in order to determine whether it can be found in the area before 1986.     

农村水能与太阳能混合发电系统的设计与应用

针对农村水能和太阳能2种可再生能源混合发电创新模式,该文设计了一种互补型的混合发电系统。在系统特点分析的基础上,构架了总体设计方案。在混合发电系统的设计过程中重点应用了混合直流系统构建技术、光伏谐波抑制与无功补偿技术、共享型微机监控技术等关键技术。核心技术的应用使光伏电站可为水电站提供直流电源和无功补偿、为电网提供谐波抑制;同时通过共享型微机监控技术使水电站和光伏电站共享现有控制单元、数据通讯网络、工作站及服务器,节约了投资成本。实践和计算表明,农村水能与太阳能混合发电系统的设计能够节约一次性投资成本超过50%,并产生长期的谐波抑制和无功补偿效益;每1 kW电量能节约0.4 kg标准煤,减少0.997 kg二氧化碳（CO2）;同时具有保护大坝和节约国土资源等社会效益。