面向高比例分布式光伏发电消纳的复合型需求侧响应控制

在大力推进分布式光伏发电的形势下,利用负荷侧灵活性资源提升光伏消纳水平并改善电网运行经济性已成为促进新能源发展的重要措施,如何高效进行需求侧响应控制是目前该领域研究的关键问题之一。传统的峰谷分时电价仅根据区域电网内的负荷变化的总体情况确定分时段电价实现削峰填谷,该方法未考虑区域内新增电源的发电特性,从而导致负荷调整的灵活性较差,无法有效解决区域内光伏消纳的问题。该研究针对光伏装机比例较高的区域配电网尤其是乡村配电网,提出一种基于优化调整分时电价时段的激励型需求侧响应和区域集中优化调控相结合的配电网复合型需求响应控制策略。该策略首先结合负荷需求和光伏出力曲线对分时电价峰谷时段进行因地制宜的自适应调整;其次,基于新的电价时段进行用户侧分布式最优出力计划建模,并给出用户侧可削减、可时移负荷的响应调整范围的计算方法;最后由区域调度中心实现负荷集中控制。通过算例对比验证该文方法在计及用户舒适度的基础上,弃光率和系统综合运行成本较优化前均有明显降低,解决了含高比例光伏配电网的光伏消纳及经济运行问题,为配电网精细化管理水平的提升提供了理论依据。     

勺夹式藠头排种器设计与试验

针对藠头（Allium chinense）种植劳动强度大、人工成本高等问题,该研究设计了一种由排种盘、取种勺、取投种凸轮、种箱、安装板等组成的勺夹式藠头排种器。对该排种器工作原理和取种、携种、投种过程进行理论分析,建立离散元仿真模型,对取种过程进行仿真分析,确定了最优种勺结构。以大叶藠为对象,以取种合格率和漏取率为试验指标,进行种勺直径、种勺深度、取种起始角、种面高度与种箱高度之比和取种速度5因素显著性筛选试验,并以种勺直径、取种起始角、种面高度与种箱高度之比为试验因素进行回归正交试验;采用Plackett-Burman试验法和Box-Behnken中心试验法建立取种合格率和漏取率的回归模型,并进行参数优化,获得最优参数组合为种勺直径27mm、取种起始角30°和种面高度与种箱高度之比92.5%。在最优参数组合下进行台架试验,得到取种合格率91.17%,漏取率6.17%。田间试验结果表明在前进速度0.1～0.2 m/s的条件下,该排种器平均播种合格率、平均重播率和漏播率分别为63.10%、12.76%和24.14%。研究结果可为藠头播种机械的研究与设计提供参考。     

桂西北喀斯特地区不同土地利用类型土壤抗蚀性研究

土壤抗蚀性是反映土壤抵抗侵蚀能力的重要参数之一,是土壤侵蚀研究的重要内容。本文选取土壤有机质、水稳性团聚体、团聚体结构破坏率、团聚状况、团聚度、分散率和<0.05 mm粉黏粒含量等7个指标,通过单因素方差分析及主成分分析,探讨了桂西北喀斯特地区5种不同土地利用类型土壤抗蚀性的差异。结果表明:原生林和次生林土壤有机质含量显著(P<0.05)高于撂荒地、坡耕地和人工林,撂荒地土壤有机质含量较坡耕地和人工林高,但差异不显著。原生林、次生林及撂荒地土壤>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体总量及团聚状况显著高于坡耕地及人工林,但其土壤团聚体结构破坏率及分散率显著低于坡耕地;人工林土壤团聚体结构破坏率显著高于次生林,但与原生林、撂荒地和坡耕地差异不显著;人工林土壤分散率则与坡耕地类似,显著低于原生林、次生林及撂荒地;原生林、次生林土壤团聚度与撂荒地、坡耕地差异不显著,但显著高于人工林;次生林、撂荒地及人工林<0.05 mm粉黏粒含量与原生林、坡耕地差异不显著,但坡耕地土壤<0.05 mm粉黏粒含量显著高于原生林。由主成分分析综合评分得到土壤抗蚀性强弱顺序为:原生林>次生林>撂荒地>坡耕地>人工林。因此,喀斯特地区人为干扰严重降低了土壤的抗蚀性,耕地通过撂荒方式能够提高土壤抗蚀性。     

龙门山断裂带主要森林类型凋落物累积量及其持水特性

采用野外实地调查与室内控制浸提相结合的方法,对龙门山断裂带常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林、常绿针叶林4种森林类型的凋落物储量、持水量、吸水速率进行了研究。结果发现,不同森林类型凋落物总储量大小顺序为:常绿针叶林(8.26t/hm2)落叶阔叶林(6.80t/hm2)针阔混交林(5.52t/hm2)常绿阔叶林(4.61t/hm2),且未分解层累积量所占比例均小于半分解层。不同森林类型不同分解程度凋落物的持水量和持水率与浸泡时间均呈对数关系,其吸水速率与浸泡时间呈幂函数关系。研究区4种森林类型半分解层凋落物的持水能力均强于分解层,而落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林持水能力较强,其次是常绿针叶林,常绿阔叶林最低。研究表明,在该区森林植被恢复和重建过程中,应充分考虑半分解层凋落物对水土保持的作用,且宜优选落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林模式进行森林植被恢复。     

基于运行工况的低水头水轮发电机不圆度分析

由于结构的特殊性,农村电网中低水头、小容量发电机在运行中圆度变化较大,影响着发电机的稳定性。为了改善该类型发电机运行品质,提高低水头水轮发电机可靠性,该文针对发电机运行参数进行数据分析、并进行理论解析方程及ANSYS仿真分析计算,对造成发电机不圆度机理进行研究,发现作用在低水头水轮发电机特殊结构上的不平衡重力及交变离心力导致发电机偏心,从而造成发电机不圆度增大。同时偏心引起的不平衡磁拉力对机组稳定性影响较大,反过来不平衡磁拉力又使发电机不圆度增大。依据该文研究结论提出了低水头、小容量发电机安全运行措施,经过实际运行考验,证实运行效果比较理想。该研究可为农村小水电发电机安全运行提供一种解决方法。     

Effect of nitrogen application during ripening period on photosynthesis and dry matter production and its impact on yield and yield components of semidwarf iniica rice varieties under water culture conditions

Abstract

A water culture pot experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of N application during the ripening period (RP) on photosynthesis, dry matter production, and its impact on grain ripening and yield in two semidwarf indica type varieties viz. Gui Zhao 2 (GZ) and BR3 (BR) compared with a japonica type variety Koganemasari (KO) under four N rates viz. 0 (N₀), 10 (N₁₀), 20 (N₂₀), and 40 (N₄₀) mg L^?1. Results showed that N application enabled to maintain a higher leaf area and delay leaf senescence in both indica and japonica type varieties but the decrease in the rate, of leaf area was higher in the former than in the latter and the rate was reduced with increasing N rates. Flag leaf photosynthesis and SPAD values of N treated plants were higher throughout the RP, showing the presence of a significant correlation either for each variety or all the varieties together. Higher photosynthetic rate was supported by higher leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value basis) content, stomatai conductance, and N concentration in leaf blades. Top dry matter content increased with increasing N rates mainly due to mean leaf area rather than NAR except for BR during RP but it was higher in KO than in GZ and BR. Reduction of shoot weight due to translocation of dry matter to panicles during RP was suppressed by N rates both in GZ and BR while shoot weight increased in the N-treated plants in KO. The dependency of KO on current photosynthates for panicle weight was found to be almost hundred percent while the contribution of stored carbohydrates in shoot before heading to panicle weight in GZ and BR was in the range of 4-27 and 33-54%, respectively and the rest was contributed by current photosynthates. The percentage increased with increasing N rates. Percentage of ripened grains (PRG) increased with increasing N rates in GZ and BR due to the increase in dry matter production and in the photosynthetic rates of apex leaves, despite the larger spikelet number and larger hull size. However, KO showed almost no variation although it had the highest PRG among the varieties. Brown rice yield followed the same pattern as that of PRG in GZ and BR and the highest yield was produced by BR followed by GZ and KO. These results suggest that N application during RP was more effective in increasing yield in the semidwarf indica type varieties than in the japonica type variety.     

阳台壁挂式太阳能:推进太阳能与建筑节能的结合

中国是一个发展中国家,人均能源资源相对贫乏。目前中国总面积为96亿hm2,耕地面积只有1.2亿hm2,人均耕地面积才只有933.8 m2。每年城乡新建建筑竣工面积约为15亿至20亿m2;建筑能源耗能占全社会总耗能近37%,其中建材的生产能耗占16.7%,用水占城市用水的47%,建筑使用的钢材占全国用钢量的30%,水泥占25%。目前,在中国已建成的近400亿m2的建筑中,99%为高耗能建筑,新建建筑中95%以上也仍属于高耗能建筑,因而建筑节能就成为重中之重。随着节能省地型建筑的大面积推广,高层住宅建筑在城镇建筑中越来越广泛,如何推广太阳能在高层节能建筑中的应用,成为政府、建筑商关注的一个要点。     

Influence of management practices on soil organic matter changes in the Northern China plain and Northeastern China

Soil organic matter (SOM) is strongly related to soil type and management practices. Changes in government policy have brought drastic changes in farm management practices in the last two decades in rural China. This study investigates changes in SOM in two different soils: Ustepts and Udolls. Ustepts, in the North China Plain where the climate is warm and sub-humid, developed from an alluvial flood plain with organic matter <10 g kg⁻¹. Udolls, in Northeastern China where the climate is cool and sub-humid, developed from loess-like materials with organic matter >20 g kg⁻¹. Two locations for Ustepts and three locations for Udolls were used to collect 567 soil samples in 1980–1982 and again in 2000 for SOM analysis. Soil organic matter increased for Ustepts and decreased for Udolls soils over the sampling period, resulting from differences in fertilizer rates and crop residue input to soil. Higher fertilizer input and crop intensity and initially very low SOM content in Ustepts all contributed to greater OM input than oxidation release. In contrast, lower fertilizer input and crop intensity, and initially high SOM content in the Udolls, led to lower OM input than oxidation release. Increasing SOM content through higher mineral fertilizer input is a valuable option for sustainable agriculture production in areas where SOM is low and there is a shortage or potential shortage of food supply.     

膜下滴灌棉花土壤水分动态变化研究

通过系统观察不同土壤类型棉花土壤水分动态变化规律，研究膜下滴灌棉花土壤水分的变化，以有效地提高棉花产量和水分利用效率。结果表明：膜下滴灌棉花土壤含水量呈现规律性的变化：在黏土地上，土壤含水量的变化趋势近似于抛物线，0～20cm土壤含水量最低，随土层深度增加，土壤含水量逐渐增加，至60-80cm达最大，随后又降低。而在沙土地，土壤含水量的变化趋势与黏土地相反。这种变化与土壤的理化、生物学特性以及棉花根系的生长发育有关。不同土壤类型膜下滴灌棉花产量、总耗水量及水分利用效率存在明显差异。     

黄土高原典型土壤有机氮矿化过程中非交换性铵态氮的变化

以黄土高原从北向南不同地区典型土壤类为对象，采用Bramner淹水培养法，研究黄土高原不同生境条件下土壤有机氮矿化过程中非交换性铵态氮的变化。结果表明：土壤非交换性NH4^＋ -N随Bremner法淹水培养时间延长，含量增加。不同土壤类型在培养20d时非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量存在显著差异（p=0．0229），而培养40d和60d时差异不显著（P分别为0．1379和0．1159）。培养期间非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量均表现为以土垫旱耕人为土最大，其次是黄土正常新成土，简育干润均腐土和干湿砂质新成土较小；添加有机物料极显著影响培养期间的非交换性NH4^＋ -N增加量（培养20d、40d和60d时P分别为0．0002，0．004和0．0003），表现为紫花苜蓿和长芒草土壤非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量均极显著高于不添加有机物料的对照土壤；在培养20d、40d和60d时，加（NH4）2SO4土样非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量显著大于不加（NH4）2SO4土样（户分别为0．0037，0．0033和0．0027），这是土壤对（NH4）2SO4中NH4^＋ -N固定的必然结果；不同植被类型土壤培养20d时的非交换性NH4^＋ -N增加量差异显著（P=0．0434），培养40d和60d时差异不显著（p分别为0．7378和0．5375）；长期秸秆和氮肥配施土壤非交换性NH4^＋ -N增加量大于不施肥对照土壤，但差异不显著土壤黏粒、全氮和有机质与培养0d、20d、40d和60d时土壤的非交换性NH4^＋ -N含量均呈极显著正相关；而非交换性NH4^＋ -N的增加量与粘粒无相关性，但与全氛和有机质呈显著正相关。