A Sero-Epidemiological Study of Haemophilus Somnus Infection in Dairy Cattle

Akhtar, S., Farver, T.B. and Riemann, H.P., 1997. A sero-epidemiological study of Haemophilus somnus infection in dairy cattle. Veterinary Research Communications, 21 (4), 229-239Five repeated cross-sectional serological surveys of 790 dairy cattle in 4 dairy herds between December 1985 and February 1987 provided an opportunity to study the changes in the seroprevalence of Haemophilus somnus across the 5 surveys and with respect to some demographic and disease variables. The demographic variables included were age (heifers or cows) and farm, representing two groups of herds (two herds in each group, located in the Central and Northern Valleys of California). The serological status of cattle as either negative or positive against H. somnus, Campylobacter fetus and Leptospira hardjo were determined with enzyme linked-immunosorbent assays. Logistic regression analysis was used to compute maximum likelihood estimates of adjusted odds ratios and their respective 95% confidence intervals.The baseline risk of being H. somnus seropositive in the cattle observed at first sampling did not vary significantly during the study period after adjustment for the effects of covariates. Only at first sampling were cows about twice as likely to be H. somnus seropositive than heifers. At samplings 1 and 3, but not at 2 and 5, being in the herds of the Central Valley appeared protective. In contrast, at sampling 4 the cattle in herds in the Central Valley were about 7 times more likely to be H. somnus seropositive. C. fetus-positive cattle were about 3 times more likely to be H. somnus seropositive at sampling 1 only. The relationship between H. somnus status and L. hardjo was not significant during the study period.     

DIAGNOSIS OF COMMON CONGENITAL HEART ANOMALIES IN THE DOG USING SURVEY AND NONSELECTIVE CONTRAST RADIOGRAPHY

The most common canine congenital heart anomalies include patient ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defects, tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonic stenosis, and aortic stenosis. Survey radiography and nonselective (venous) angiography can allow the practicing veterinarian to confirm the diagnosis in many of these patients. Typical radiographic findings using these diagnostic procedures are reviewed. Nonselective angiocardiography is a relatively easy, rapid, and noninvasive procedure which can be performed using conventional equipment. The major disadvantage of this special procedure is that the superimposition of opacified structures can make the identification of some left-to-right shunts difficult. Dilution of contrast medium can occur if a rapid bolus injection is not made.     

甘肃省牧草种子生产调查报告

1989年6～8月,对甘肃省10个地、州、市,共21个县的牧草种子生产、经营及质量等情况进行了调查,结果表明,紫花苜蓿种子产量不仅保证甘肃省需要,还销往外省,近几年又开始出口创汇;经对牧草种子质量评定,达到国家分级标准的占67.6%;牧草种子生产田中发现杂草230种;牧草种子经营方式多样化、多渠道。可以看出甘肃省牧草种子生产有很大潜力,但还存在一些问题,应加强管理。     

秦岭北麓大百合属野生植物资源的调查及应用研究

为探究大百合属(Cardiocrinum)野生植物在秦岭北麓的存在及分布情况,项目组用5 a多的时间,对秦岭北麓24条峪进行了多季节、多次的实地考察,初步探明2种大百合属野生植物在秦岭北麓有居群分布,它们分别是云南大百合(Cardiocrinum giganteum var.Yunnanense(Elwes) Steara)和荞麦叶大百合(Cardiocrinum cathayanum.),其中荞麦叶大百合为首次在秦岭地区被发现,且仅在西安市鄠邑区的太平峪有分布,而云南大百合在秦岭北麓大多峪口有分布。文章对2种大百合的形态特征及应用前景进行了较为详细地描述及探索,以期为大百合属野生植物资源的后续研究提供参考。     

Neuropathological survey of fallen stock: active surveillance reveals high prevalence of encephalitic listeriosis in small ruminants

This paper describes the prevalence of brain lesions in the Swiss fallen stock population of small ruminants. 3075 whole brains (75% sheep, 25% goats) were collected as part of a year-long active survey of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in small ruminants conducted by the Swiss authorities between July 2004 and July 2005. All fallen stock brains were systematically examined by histopathology to obtain reliable data on histologically identifiable brain lesions. Lesions were found in an unexpectedly high number of animals (8.1% of all examined brains). A wide spectrum of diseases was detected showing that this approach provides an excellent opportunity to screen for the prevalence of neurological diseases. Encephalitic listeriosis was by far the most frequent cause of CNS lesions in both species and its prevalence was unexpectedly high when compared to notified confirmed cases. In conclusion, the prevalence of listeriosis as estimated by passive surveillance based on the notification of clinical suspects has been underestimated in the past.     

A Comparison of Pig Farmers' and Veterinarians' Perceptions and Intentions to Reduce Antimicrobial Usage in Six European Countries

Antimicrobial (AM) resistance is an increasing problem in human and veterinary medicine. To manage this problem, the usage of AM should be reduced in pig farming, as well as in other areas. It is important to investigate the factors that influence both pig farmers' and veterinarians' intentions to reduce AM usage, which is a prerequisite for developing intervention measures. We conducted a mail survey among pig farmers (N = 1,294) and an online survey among veterinarians (N = 334) in Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Sweden and Switzerland. The farmers' survey assessed the perceived risks and benefits of and need for AM usage; the intention to reduce AM usage; farmers' efficacy (i.e. perception of their ability to reduce AM usage); support from their veterinarian; and the future reduction potential of AM usage. Additionally, self‐reported reduction behaviours, the perceived farmers' barriers to reduce AM usage and relationships with farmers were assessed in the veterinarians' survey. The results showed that farmers and veterinarians had similar perceptions of the risks and benefits of AM usage. Veterinarians appeared to be more optimistic than pig farmers about reducing AM usage in pig farming. Farmers believed that their efficacy over AM reduction was relatively high. Farmers' intention to reduce AM usage and veterinarians' self‐reported reduction behaviours were mainly associated with factors concerning the feasibility of reducing AM usage. To promote prudent AM usage, pig farmers should learn and experience how to reduce usage by applying alternative measures, whereas veterinarians should strengthen their advisory role and competencies to support and educate farmers.     

A survey of dog and cat anaesthesia in a sample of veterinary practices in New Zealand

AIMS: To survey current anaesthesia practices for dogs and cats in small and mixed animal practices in New Zealand in order to improve anaesthesia education.

METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to 440 small and mixed animal practices, including questions regarding the type of practice, preanaesthetic examination, anaesthetic drugs and management, anaesthetic machines, monitoring and topics of interest for continuing professional development.

RESULTS: Responses were obtained from 113/440 (26%) practices, with 78 (69%) respondents from small and 35 (31%) from mixed animal practices. A preanaesthetic physical examination was carried out by >95% of respondents and premedication was usually given to dogs (112/113; 99%) and cats (95/113; 85%). Acepromazine was the preferred sedative for dogs and cats, with morphine or buprenorphine. Propofol and alfaxalone were the preferred induction agents, and isoflurane was preferred for maintenance in both dogs and cats. A venous catheter was usually placed for anaesthesia in dogs (59/113; 52%), but less so in cats (39/113; 35%). Perioperative fluid was administered at 10?mL/kg/hour by 62/110 (56%) respondents. Intubation was usually used for anaesthesia in dogs (111/112; 99%), and cats (87/112; 78%). Almost 40% of respondents usually administered supplementary oxygen if patients were not intubated. Local analgesia was used by 69/111 (88%) respondents sometimes or always if applicable. Morphine or buprenorphine, and meloxicam were common choices for post-operative analgesia after neuter surgery in dogs and cats. A semiclosed (non-rebreathing) system was used in animals weighing <10?kg, and a Mapleson E or F non-rebreathing circuit was used by 66/109 (61%) practices. Only 15/111 (14%) practices had a ventilator in their practice. A dedicated anaesthetist was usually used by 104/113 (92%) practices, and apnoea alarms, pulse oximeters, thermometers and oesophageal stethoscopes were the main monitoring devices available in practices. Loco-regional block, pain management, and anaesthetic drugs were the main topics of interest for continuing education.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Responses by the veterinarians taking part in this survey indicated that they had a reasonably good standard of anaesthetic practice. A physical examination was carried out preanaesthesia, and premedication including analgesia was routinely administered to most patients. A dedicated anaesthetist usually monitored patients and most respondents reported they had access to basic anaesthetic monitoring equipment. Areas where changes could lead to improved anaesthetic practice were increased use of I/V catheterisation, endotracheal intubation, and supplementary oxygen, and reduced I/V fluid rates.     

基于物联网的水产饲料全流程追溯系统的设计与实现

本文旨在研制一套基于物联网的水产饲料全流程追溯系统,该系统的总体目标是实现水产饲料原料可追溯、销售去向可查询、生产责任可追究、产品质量可控制。系统基于Java平台的全栈开发,采用统一的条码编码方案对采购的原料进行批次标记,解决因原料标识不规范导致不同批次原料混用的问题。领料、投料工序采用条码识别与防错控制,避免受人为因素影响。基于Java平台的SDK二次开发实现二维码打印机在线赋码功能,为水产饲料建立批次"身份证"。通过将水产饲料生产的各个环节信息上传云端数据库,并应用现代信息技术对数据进行处理,从而实现水产饲料生产全流程可追溯。     

2015年-2017年广西规模化猪场主要病毒性疫病流行调查

为了解广西地区近3年规模化猪场主要病毒性传染病的流行情况,应用PCR及RT-PCR方法对2015年-2017年广西的1648份疑似猪瘟病毒(CSFV)、猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)、猪圆环病毒2型(PCV-2)、猪圆环病毒3型(PCV-3)、猪伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)和猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)感染的病料进行病原学检测。结果显示,CSFV、PRRSV、PRV、PCV-2、PCV-3、TGEV和PEDV的阳性率分别是2.06%(13/632)、14.43%(192/1331)、12.10%(88/727)、14.32%(132/922)、53.85%(42/78)、10.87%(20/184)和32.00%(72/225)。PRV、TGEV和PEDV的感染率呈逐年上升趋势,PCV-2的感染率呈逐年递减趋势。二重感染以PCV-2和其他病毒感染为主,其中PRRSV和PCV-2的二重感染率最高,平均感染率为2.93%。CSFV、PRRSV、PRV、PCV-2、PEDV的感染率在冬季比较高,分别为3.75%、23.86%、19.02%、27.73%和57.78%。检测结果表明,PRRSV和PCV-2是目前对广西规模化猪场危害较为严重的主要病毒性疫病。PCV-3作为一种新发现病毒,引起母猪皮炎肾病综合征与繁殖障碍和仔猪腹泻,对养猪业造成了一定的威胁。规模化猪场流行的腹泻性病毒主要是PEDV和TGEV。     

Evaluating the contact rate between companion dogs during dog walking and the practices towards potential cases of rabies among dog owners in Japan

This study aimed to examine the habits of dog walking in Japan using an internet survey of insured dog owners. About 96.4% of the respondents (n = 1,151) reported that they would take their dogs for a walk and they most frequently walk their dogs once or twice a day (75.9%) for 30 min to 1 hr (83.1%). The probability of a companion dog having contact with other dogs during dog walking was estimated to be 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.81–0.85), and the associated daily contact rate was estimated using log‐normal distribution with a mean of 2.73 (95% CI: 2.42–3.11) and a standard deviation (SD) of 6.39 (95% CI: 5.18–7.84). Multiple linear regression revealed that the contact rate is mainly influenced by the social behaviour of the owner and to a lesser degree by his/her demographic characteristics including the area of residence, the breed size of dog and the age of the owner. In addition, ten Likert items measured on a 5‐point scale were designed to assess the practices towards potential cases of rabies among dog owners. The respondents (n = 972) achieved a mean score of 2.99 (out of a full score of 4) with a SD of 0.90 in responding to situations related to dog bite incidents and injury from stray cat scratches during dog walking. They achieved a higher score in responding to situations related to sighting a stray or wild animal during dog walking and situations related to non‐specific clinical signs of rabies and bite injuries from stray dogs or wild animals during dog walking with a mean of 3.70 (SD = 0.58) and 3.84 (SD = 0.34), respectively. The level of best practice was also proved to be significantly associated with the demographic characteristics of the dog owner.