具有农业生物活性壳寡糖的研究进展

壳寡糖是一类由N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖或氨基葡萄糖通过β-(1,4)-糖苷键连接起来的低聚合度水溶性的糖类,在食品、医药、化妆品等方面具有广泛用途。主要评述了壳寡糖在植物生长调节(诱导抗性)、杀菌作用以及杀虫活性方面的应用,表明壳寡糖是一种对环境友好的、良好的生物源农药。     

Enzymatic degradation of FODMAPS via application of β-fructofuranosidases and α-galactosidases- A fundamental study

Cereals and pulses often contribute to the intake of Fermentable Oligo-, Di-, Monosaccharides, and Polyols (FODMAPs) due to high amounts of fructans or galactooligosaccharides (GOS). FODMAPs can trigger symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) and therefore, the development of foods and beverages with a lower FODMAP-content are favourable for IBS patients. Enzyme technology is a promising tool to reduce the FODMAP-content in foods and to maintain product quality. This fundamental study investigates the efficiency of invertase, inulinase, and α-galactosidase as potential food additives to reduce the total FODMAP content of food ingredients. Extracts of high FODMAP ingredients, such as wheat and lentil, and standard solutions of various fructans and GOS were incubated with invertase, inulinase and α-galactosidase for 1 h and 2 h. Contents of oligosaccharides before and after treatment and related IBS-triggering reaction products were quantified using ion chromatography. Inulinase showed a high degradation yield (over 90% of degradation) for both GOS and fructans. For invertase only low degradation yields were measured. α-Galactosidase showed the highest efficiency in decomposing GOS (100% of degradation) and led to non-IBS triggering degradation products. This indicates a high potential for a combined inulinase/α-galactosidase treatment for products containing both fructans and GOS.     

饲粮添加壳寡糖和干酪乳杆菌对肉鸡生长性能、肌肉品质及抗氧化性能的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加壳寡糖与干酪乳杆菌对肉鸡生长性能、肌肉品质及抗氧化性能的影响。选用1日龄爱拔益加(AA)健康肉公鸡240只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复10只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加120 mg/kg壳寡糖、2×106CFU/g干酪乳杆菌、120 mg/kg壳寡糖+2×106CFU/g干酪乳杆菌。试验期为42 d。结果表明:1)与对照组相比,单独添加壳寡糖或壳寡糖与干酪乳杆菌共同添加可显著提高肉鸡平均日增重、胸肌和腿肌红度(a*)值,肌肉脂肪和肌苷酸含量以及胸肌单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸含量(P0.05),显著降低胸肌饱和脂肪酸含量、腿肌黄度(b*)值(P0.05)。2)饲粮中单独添加干酪乳杆菌显著提高腿肌脂肪及胸肌单不饱和脂肪酸含量(P0.05),显著降低胸肌饱和脂肪酸含量(P0.05)。3)饲粮中单独添加壳寡糖、干酪乳杆菌或二者共同添加均可显著降低血浆、胸肌和腿肌丙二醛含量(P0.05),显著提高血浆、胸肌和腿肌总超氧化物歧化酶活性及总抗氧化能力(P0.05),显著降低血浆肌酸激酶的活性(P0.05)。综合分析表明,饲粮中添加壳寡糖、干酪乳杆菌或二者共同添加可提高肉鸡的生长性能和抗氧化性能,改善肌肉品质,而单独添加120 mg/kg壳寡糖效果最佳。     

益生菌兼或益生元对牛肠道菌群调节作用研究进展

益生菌/益生元具有调节胃肠(GI)菌群平衡及活动的能力,能够显著地影响家畜肠道内菌群的结构和活动,使有益菌(主要是乳酸菌)占有生态位,成为优势菌群,抑制霉菌生长和霉菌毒素的产生。饲喂益生菌后,牛肠道中的菌群呈现多样性,群落的复杂程度增高,牛肠道菌群的微生态稳定性增强。低聚麦芽糖、低聚半乳糖等益生元则能不同程度的被有益菌分解利用,作为有益菌的生长促进剂,发挥其益生作用。目前,益生菌/益生元已被广泛应用于食品、医药保健和饲料等各个领域。随着对其深入的了解和成熟的市场或产业化发展,益生菌/益生元的应用前景很好。     

In vitro effects of inulin and soya bean oligosaccharide on skatole production and the intestinal microbiota in broilers

The experiment was conducted to investigate the in vitro effects of inulin and soya bean oligosaccharide (SBO) on the metabolism of L‐tryptophan (L‐try) to skatole production, and the intestinal microbiota in broilers. Treatments were as follows: caecal microbiota control (Cc), Cc + inulin, Cc + SBO, rectal microbiota control (Rc), Rc + inulin and Rc + SBO. Microbial suspensions were anaerobically incubated at 38°C for 24 hr. The results showed that concentrations of skatole and acetic acid were significantly lower in caecal microbiota fermentation broth (MFB) than those in rectal MFB (p < .05). Addition of inulin or SBO significantly decreased the concentrations of indole and skatole and rate of L‐try degradation (p < .05). Inulin groups had lower indole than SBO groups (p < .05). PCR‐DGGE analysis revealed that addition of inulin or SBO decreased the microbiota richness (p < .05), but no significant differences in Shannon index (p > .05). Four distinct bands were detected in inulin and SBO groups, which were related to two of Bacteroides, one of Firmicutes and Bifidobacteria. Six bands were detected only in control groups, which represented uncultured Rikenellaceae, Roseburia, Escherichia/Shigella dysenteriae, Bacteroides uniformis (T), Parabacteroides distasonis and Enterobacter aerogenes. Populations of Lactobacilli, Bifidobacteria and total bacteria in inulin groups were higher than those in control groups (p < .05). For SBO groups, only population of total bacteria increased (p < .05). However, there were no significant differences in Escherichia coli population among treatments (p > .05). These results suggest that reduced concentrations of skatole and indole in the presence of inulin and SBO may be caused by decrease in L‐try degradation rate, which were caused by change in microbial ecosystem and pH value. Uncultured B. uniformis (T) and E. aerogenes may be responsible for degradation of L‐try to skatole.     

甘露寡糖对犊牛粪便菌群影响的研究

选用7日龄左右荷斯坦犊牛15头,分为3组,每组5头。其中一组为对照组,不添加任何添加剂;试验组分别添加0.1%和0.2%水平的葡萄糖甘露寡糖(Bio-Mos),各组采食营养水平相当,采食相同的牛乳、精料补充料和粗料,自由采食,自由饮水,饲喂时间30d。观测甘露寡糖不同添加水平对犊牛粪便菌群变化和健康状况的影响。结果表明:0.1%添加水平组腹泻率低于对照组和0.2%添加组;在整个试验期,各组粪便大肠杆菌和乳酸杆菌分别呈降低和增加趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05),0.1%添加水平在降低大肠杆菌和增加乳酸杆菌数量指标方面均优于不添加和添加0.2%。     

低聚糖对肉鸡生产性能的影响

以质量分数1‰和0．5‰的比例在基础日粮的基础上添加低聚糖,观察其对AA肉鸡生产性能的影响。结果表明,在成活率、增重和每羽鸡的平均盈利等方面试验组均明显优于对照组。     

Effect of Dietary Mannan Oligosaccharide from Bio-Mos or SAF-Mannan on Live Performance of Broiler Chickens

A 42-d broiler pen trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) from either of 2 commercial products, Bio-Mos (Alltech Inc., Nicholasville, KY) or SAF-Mannan (S. I. LeSaffre, Cedex, France) each at 2 levels of inclusion on live performance. The MOS, derived from the outer portion of yeast cell walls, is reported to have several beneficial modes of action including 1) pathogen adsorption (agglutination); 2) improved intestinal integrity (e.g., villi height); and 3) immune modulation. Diets were fed in 3 phases, and treatments included a control, 2 Bio-Mos treatments (1.0 kg/ton in starter and 0 or 0.5 kg/ton in grower and finisher feeds), and 2 SAF-Mannan treatments (0.5 kg/ton in starter and 0 or 0.5 kg/ton in grower and finisher feeds), according to the manufacturers’ recommendations. Birds fed Bio-Mos at 1.0/0.5/0.5 (starter/grower/finisher) kg/ton diets had significantly greater BW at 42 d than birds fed control or SAF-Mannan-supplemented diets, whereas results for the Bio-Mos 1.0/0/0 kg/ton diets were intermediate. Supplementation of diets with Bio-Mos at 1.0/0.5/0.5 kg/ton may improve broiler BW at market ages compared with the unsupplemented diets. Feed consumption was lower from 0 to 21 d in the SAF-Mannan treatments compared with other treatments. No significant differences were found for feed conversion or mortality for any of the treatments. Overall, Bio-Mos had a greater effect on bird BW compared with the other variables measured.     

低能量型水蜜桃清汁饮料的研制

水蜜桃营养丰富,肥美多汁,保健功能显著,经榨汁等处理后,加入大豆低聚糖等经科学调配后,酸甜可口,澄清透明无沉淀,是一种具有开发潜力的新型低能量饮料.该饮料的最佳配方:水蜜桃原汁35%、大豆低聚糖8%、柠檬酸0.08%、黄原胶0.1%.     

Improving high soy feed formulations for the Florida pompano Trachinotus carolinus through newer soy products and carbohydrase supplementation

Florida pompano perform well on soy‐based, low‐animal protein diets. These diets may be improved through the use of enzymes as a feed supplement or as pretreatment of the soy product prior to inclusion. Novel soy products produced through enzyme treatment or fermentation often have higher protein content and lower levels of indigestible carbohydrates. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the potential of enzyme supplements. The first trial evaluated the effects of carbohydrase supplementation to diets based on two different soybean meals (commodity or selectively bred meal). Pompano fed the selected soybean had significantly improved growth rates and feed efficiency, while enzymatic supplementation had no significant effect on fish performance. However, enzyme supplementation increased phosphorus and energy retention when added to diets based on commodity soybean meal. Carbohydrase supplementation improved dry matter digestibility in commodity soy‐based diets but had no significant effect on selected soybean‐based diets. The second growth trial consisted of an increasing inclusion of an enzymatically treated soybean meal product (NutriVance). Results indicate that NutriVance can replace the totality of commodity soybean without impacting fish performance. Digestibility of the commodity soy, NutriVance, and a fermented soybean meal (Pepsoygen) was also evaluated, with no detectable difference in digestibility values.