Dietary administration of Bacillus (B. licheniformis and B. subtilis) and isomaltooligosaccharide influences the intestinal microflora,immunological parameters and resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus in shrimp,Penaeus japonicus (Decapoda: Penaeidae)

The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of oral administration of probiotics (Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis) in combination with prebiotic isomaltooligosaccharide (IMO) on the intestinal microflora and immunological parameters of Penaeus japonicus and its resistence against Vibrio alginolyticus. A basal diet was supplemented with 0% probiotics and prebiotic (control), 10⁸ colony forming unit (CFU) g^?1B. licheniformis and 0.2% IMO (T1), 10⁸ CFU g^?1B. subtilis and 0.2% IMO (T2), 10⁸ CFU g^?1B. licheniformis in combination with 10⁸ CFU g^?1B. subtilis and 0.2% IMO (T3). The results showed that the total bacterial counts significantly increased (P<0.05) and Vibrio counts significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the intestine of shrimp with supplementation of dietary synbiotics. Shrimp fed the diet with both Bacillus probiotics and IMO (T3) produced significantly higher immune parameters (phenoloxidase activity, lysozyme activity and nitric oxide synthase activity and superoxide dismutase activity) than the control group (P<0.05). Significant lower cumulative mortality after challenge with V. alginolyticus was also observed in shrimp fed diet with both Bacillus probiotics and IMO (T3) than that in the control group (P<0.05). The results indicated that the oral administration of probiotics (B. licheniformis and B. subtilis) and prebiotic IMO has positive effects on bacterial flora in P. japonicus gut, and can activate non‐specific immunity of shrimp.     

Effect of dietary chitosan oligosaccharide complex with Ce (IV) on growth,immunity and disease resistance against Vibrio splendidus of sea cucumber,Apostichopus japonicas

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary chitosan oligosaccharide complex with cerium (Ce IV) (COS‐Ce) on growth performance, nonspecific immunity and disease resistance of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicas. Five isonitrogenous (18.6%) and isolipidic (1.1%) practical diets were formulated with graded level of COS‐Ce (0, 150, 300, 600 and 1200 mg kg^?1 dry feed), which were named as COS‐Ce/0, COS‐Ce/150, COS‐Ce/300, COS‐Ce/600, COS‐Ce/1200 respectively. Each diet was allocated to four replicates of sea cucumbers (Initial weight: 6.72 ± 0.02 g). Sea cucumbers were fed to apparent satiation once daily (19:00 hours) for 56 days. During the experiment, water temperature was kept at 16 ± 0.5°C, pH 7.8–8.2, dissolved oxygen beyond 5 mg L^?1, ammonia nitrogen below 0.5 mg L^?1 and salinity from 30‰ to 31‰. Results showed that the specific growth rate of sea cucumbers was significantly higher in COS‐Ce/600 than that in other four treatments. Activities of phagocytosis, respiratory burst, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in COS‐Ce/600 were significantly higher than that in COS‐Ce/0 (P < 0.05) respectively. On the contrary, cumulative mortality was the lowest in COS‐Ce/600 following 14 days exposure to Vibrio splendidus (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these results confirmed that dietary COS‐Ce had beneficial effects on growth performance, nonspecific immunity and disease resistance of sea cucumber.     

Haematological modulation and growth of Labeo rohita fingerlings: effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharide,yeast extract,protein hydrolysate and chlorella

The present study was conducted for 60 days to delineate the efficacy of various dietary immunomodulators like mannan oligosaccharide (MOS), yeast extract (YE), protein hydrolysate (PH) and chlorella (CL) in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Five hundred and eighty‐five L. rohita fingerlings (average weight: 4.15 ± 0.07 g) were randomly distributed in 13 treatment groups with each of three replicates. Thirteen semi‐purified isonitrogenous (crude protein 324.7–332.5 g kg^?1) and isocaloric (17.66–17.80 MJ kg^?1) diets were prepared with three graded levels (1%, 2% or 4%) of immunostimulants, except the control. At the end of the feeding trial, weight gain%, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, leucocyte count, erythrocyte count, haemoglobin content, serum protein, globulin, albumin–globulin ratio, nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) value and survival percentage were evaluated. Growth was significantly higher in the MOS‐fed group. All the immune parameters studied were also recorded higher in the MOS 1%‐supplemented group. The survival percentage after challenging with Aeromonas hydrophila was higher (P<0.05) in the MOS‐, YE‐ and PH‐fed groups and the lowest in the CL‐treated group. It can be concluded that dietary supplementation of MOS at a 1% dietary level promotes growth and survival in L. rohita fingerlings. In contrast, higher inclusion levels of immunostimulants led to an immunosuppressive effect in L. rohita fingerlings.     

壳寡糖与低聚木糖对大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼生长、体组成和血液生化指标的影响

本研究以初始体重为(15.46±0.06) g的大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)幼鱼为实验对象,采用2×3双因素实验设计,研究饲料中壳寡糖(Chitosan oligosaccharide,COS)和低聚木糖(Xylo-oligosaccharide,XOS)对大菱鲆幼鱼生长、体组成和血液生化指标的影响。养殖实验在全封闭循环水养殖系统中进行,养殖周期为60 d。9组实验饲料粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量分别为53%和11%;每组饲料随机投喂3桶,每桶30尾鱼。结果显示,饲料中同时添加0.5%的壳寡糖、1.0%的低聚木糖对大菱鲆幼鱼的促生长作用最明显,相对增重率显著提高。饲料中壳寡糖和低聚木糖对大菱鲆幼鱼增重率、特定生长率、饵料系数、蛋白质效率均有显著影响(P<0.05),但对大菱鲆体成分影响不显著(P>0.05);低聚木糖和壳寡糖对大菱鲆幼鱼特定生长率、增重率、全鱼粗脂肪和灰分、血清甘油三酯、溶菌酶以及碱性磷酸酶均存在显著交互作用(P<0.05)。研究表明,低聚木糖和壳寡糖配合使用可以显著提高大菱鲆幼鱼的生长效果,并且可在一定程度上增强其非特异性免疫能力,降低血脂含量。     

A Marine λ-Oligocarrageenan Inhibits Migratory and Invasive Ability of MDA-MB-231 Human Breast Cancer Cells through Actions on Heparanase Metabolism and MMP-14/MMP-2 Axis

Sugar-based molecules such as heparins or natural heparan sulfate polysaccharides have been developed and widely studied for controlling heparanase (HPSE) enzymatic activity, a key player in extracellular matrix remodelling during cancer pathogenesis. However, non-enzymatic functions of HPSE have also been described in tumour mechanisms. Given their versatile properties, we hypothesized that sugar-based inhibitors may interfere with enzymatic but also non-enzymatic HPSE activities. In this work, we assessed the effects of an original marine λ-carrageenan derived oligosaccharide (λ-CO) we previously described, along with those of its native counterpart and heparins, on cell viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells but also of sh-MDA-MB-231 cells, in which the expression of HPSE was selectively downregulated. We observed no cytotoxic and no anti-proliferative effects of our compounds but surprisingly λ-CO was the most efficient to reduce cell migration and invasion compared with heparins, and in a HPSE-dependent manner. We provided evidence that λ-CO tightly controlled a HPSE/MMP-14/MMP-2 axis, leading to reduced MMP-2 activity. Altogether, this study highlights λ-CO as a potent HPSE “modulator” capable of reducing not only the enzymatic activity of HPSE but also the functions controlled by the HPSE levels.     

紫菜低聚糖的制备技术研究

通过正交试验确定紫菜酸解的最佳条件为盐酸浓度0 05mol/L,水解时间120min,底物浓度3%,温度80℃,在此条件下低聚糖的提取率为11 30%。     

饲料中添加壳寡糖和霉菌毒素吸附剂对凡纳滨对虾肠道黏膜形态及菌群结构的影响

实验旨在研究在饲料中分别或联合添加壳寡糖(chitosan oligosaccharide,COS)和霉菌毒素吸附剂(mycotoxins adsorbent)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肠道黏膜形态及菌群结构的影响。在基础饲料(对照组)中分别添加250 mg/kg COS、2500 mg/kg霉菌毒素吸附剂、250 mg COS+2500 mg/kg霉菌毒素吸附剂(组号为C0、C0.25、M2.5、C0.25+M2.5),制成4组等氮等能饲料,投喂初重(0.23±0.02)g的凡纳滨对虾8周。结果显示:COS与霉菌毒素吸附剂联合使用有助于改善肠道形态学指标,C0.25+M2.5组绒毛高显著大于C0、C0.25组(P0.05),绒毛宽显著大于M2.5组(P0.05),肌层厚度显著大于其他各组(P0.05)。高通量测序结果表明各组有效操作分类单元(Operational Taxonomic Unit,OTUs)数目无显著性差异(P0.05);C0.25+M2.5组Observed species指数、Shannon指数、PD值显著低于M2.5组(P0.05),但显著高于C0.25组(P0.05),与C0组无显著性差异(P0.05);肠道菌群主要为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),C0.25+M2.5组变形菌门细菌含量最低且厚壁菌门细菌含量最高,各组拟杆菌门细菌均升高,C0组含量最低。在属水平上,弧菌属(Vibrio)、假交替单胞菌属(Pseudoalteromonas)、Spongiimonas、发光杆菌属(Photobacterium)以及Candidatus Bacilloplasma占主要优势,C0.25+M2.5组弧菌属、发光杆菌属细菌含量均有效减少;C0.25+M2.5组发光杆菌属细菌含量最低,假交替单胞菌属细菌含量最高。250 mg/kg COS和2500 mg/kg霉菌毒素吸附剂联合添加对菌群丰富度无显著影响,但优化了肠道形态学指标及肠道菌群结构,提升了肠道健康,效果优于单一添加组。     

两种低聚糖对烟草种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为研究低聚糖对烟草种子萌发、早期幼苗生长及生理生化指标的影响,通过不同浓度浸种,记录种子萌发情况,30 d后观察早期幼苗形态特征,并分别测定了幼苗叶片的叶绿素、MDA、可溶性蛋白含量、脯氨酸含量、细胞膜透性和SOD、POD、CAT等保护酶活性等生理生化指标。结果表明,两种低聚糖处理对烟草的萌发都有一定的抑制作用,但在其生长期可以补充营养,促进幼苗生长发育。     

β-甘露聚糖酶异源表达及甘露寡糖制备研究

以产β-甘露聚糖酶(MAN)的枯草芽孢杆菌HD145为目的菌株,PCR扩增MAN基因片段,克隆到p HBM905A载体并转化至毕赤酵母,重组子利用甲醇进行诱导。纯化的MAN酶解槐豆胶与瓜尔豆胶,质谱检测水解产物。SDS-PAGE结果表明,MAN基因实现了表达,摇瓶酶活性为3 200 U/m L,酶最适温度与pH分别为55℃与6.0,pH 4~7时稳定性较好,在40、50、60℃的半衰期分别为165、105、42 min,Zn~(2+)、Ag~+、Co~(2+)对酶活性存在一定的抑制。槐豆胶与瓜尔胶经MAN酶解后得到二糖至十糖的寡糖。     

Morphological and Proteomic Analyses Reveal that Unsaturated Guluronate Oligosaccharide Modulates Multiple Functional Pathways in Murine Macrophage RAW264.7 Cells

Alginate is a natural polysaccharide extracted from various species of marine brown algae. Alginate-derived guluronate oligosaccharide (GOS) obtained by enzymatic depolymerization has various pharmacological functions. Previous studies have demonstrated that GOS can trigger the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)/nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α by macrophages and that it is involved in the nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways. To expand upon the current knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms associated with the GOS-induced immune response in macrophages, comparative proteomic analysis was employed together with two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS) and Western blot verification. Proteins showing significant differences in expression in GOS-treated cells were categorized into multiple functional pathways, including the NF-κB signaling pathway and pathways involved in inflammation, antioxidant activity, glycolysis, cytoskeletal processes and translational elongation. Moreover, GOS-stimulated changes in the morphologies and actin cytoskeleton organization of RAW264.7 cells were also investigated as possible adaptations to GOS. This study is the first to reveal GOS as a promising agent that can modulate the proper balance between the pro- and anti-inflammatory immune responses, and it provides new insights into pharmaceutical applications of polysaccharides.