Prebiotic Mannan Oligosaccharide Diet Improves Health Status of the Digestive System of Marron,Cherax tenuimanus (Smith 1912)

The aim of this experiment was to determine the effects of dietary supplementation with mannan oligosaccharide (MOS; BioMos, Alltech, USA) on the gut microbiota and histology of marron, Cherax tenuimanus. Marron were fed six different diets supplemented with 0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.8% of MOS for a duration of 112 days. Total bacteria in the gut were highest when marron were fed diets which included 0.1% to 0.4% BioMos, whereas total bacteria/Vibrio spp. ratio was highest in the marron fed 0.4% BioMos diet only. The marron fed 0.2% and 0.4% BioMos diets showed normal morphology and higher densities of microvilli, and thicker layer of gut epithelium than other inclusion rates. The results suggest that application of 0.2% to 0.4% of MOS in the diet improves digestive system health in marron.     

Effect of soybean meal,raffinose and stachyose on the growth,body composition,intestinal morphology and intestinal microflora of juvenile allogynogenetic silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio♀×Cyprinus carpio♂)

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of soybean meal (SBM), raffinose and stachyose on juvenile crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio♀ × Cyprinus carpio♂). The experimental diets consisted of one control diet based on fish meal (FM), one diet containing 300 g kg^?1 SBM and four FM‐based diets with the addition of either 6.7 g kg^?1 raffinose (Raf), 33.9 g kg^?1 stachyose (Sta), a combination of raffinose and stachyose (Raf?Sta) and finally a Raf?Sta diet supplemented with 2.5 g kg^?1 saponins (Raf?Sta?Sap). After 3 weeks of feeding, the relative gut lengths of SBM‐fed fish and the fish fed stachyose‐containing diets were shorter than those of the FM‐fed fish; further, more SBM‐fed fish showed fissures on the tips of the intestinal folds. After 8 weeks of feeding, the growth of SBM‐fed fish was significantly lower than that of FM‐fed fish (P<0.05). The fish fed Raf?Sta?Sap had a low relative gut length (P<0.05). In comparison with the other fish, the SBM‐fed fish had a higher number of large‐sized homogeneous vacuoles in the cytoplasm of epithelial cells and shorter microvilli. No significant difference was observed in body composition or intestinal microflora. The results indicated that raffinose and stachyose played no or only minor roles in the development of soybean‐induced growth reduction.     

饲料中添加两种寡糖和一种芽孢杆菌对牙鲆肠道菌群的影响

在饲料中单独或联合添加果寡糖（FOS）、甘露寡糖（MOS）和克劳氏芽孢杆菌Bacillus clausii,共配制8种试验饲料,分别为对照组（不添加寡糖和芽孢杆菌）、5 g/kg FOS（F组）、5 g/kg MOS（M组）、2.5 g/kg FOS＋2.5 g/kg MOS（FM组）、107CFU/gB.clausii（B组）、5 g/kg FOS＋107CFU/gB.clausii（FB组）、5 g/kg MOS＋107CFU/gB.clausii（MB组）和2.5 g/kg FOS＋2.5 g/kg MOS＋107CFU/gB.clausii（FMB组）。用8种饲料饲喂牙鲆Paralichthys olivaceus56 d后,取牙鲆肠道用2216E琼脂培养基培养肠道细菌,并进行16S rRNA基因测序鉴定。结果表明：从各组牙鲆肠道中共检出细菌11种,其中共有细菌为表皮葡萄球菌Staphylococcus epidermidis、弗尼斯弧菌Vibrio furnissii、鲍氏不动杆菌Acinetobacter bau-mannii、溶酪大球菌Macrococcus caseolyticus、铅黄肠球菌Macrococcus caseolyticus和施氏假单胞菌Pseudo-monas stutzeri;各试验组（除B组外）肠道可培养细菌总数低于对照组,且FMB组最低;各试验组（B组除外）的表皮葡萄球菌、弗尼斯弧菌数、鲍氏不动杆菌和溶酪大球菌数明显低于对照组;F组、M组和FM组肠道优势菌与对照组基本相似,B组、FB组和FMB组的优势菌与对照组差异较大;各试验组的铅黄肠球菌和施氏假单胞菌比例均大幅度高于对照组。在试验饲料中添加FOS、MOS和B.clausii可不同程度地抑制牙鲆肠道病原菌,有利于改善牙鲆肠道健康,且寡糖与B.clausii联合使用表现出一定的协同作用。     

鲍鱼来源褐藻胶裂解酶菌株的筛选及发酵条件优化

为筛选得到高效产褐藻胶裂解酶(Alginate lyase)微生物菌株,实现其商业化应用,采用平板透明圈法从皱纹盘鲍Haliotis discus hannai肠道中筛选得到1株高效产胞外褐藻胶裂解酶的菌株SS-1,在扫描电子显微镜下观察菌株形态和平板菌落特征,并根据其16S rRNA基因序列分析结果,鉴定该菌株为弧菌Vibrio sp.SS-1。对SS-1菌株的发酵条件进行优化,结果显示,该菌株最适发酵温度为30℃,初始p H值为7.2,培养28 h后酶活力可达38.6 U/m L;通过响应面法优化最佳发酵培养基配方,结果为麦芽糖11.86g/L、酵母粉16.72 g/L、K2HPO41.36 g/L、Mg SO4·7H2O 1.5 g/L、Fe SO4·7H2O 0.1 g/L、Na Cl 6.75 g/L;在最佳培养条件下,酶活力可达191.8 U/m L,较优化前提高了4.97倍。研究表明:该菌株具有生长快速、酶活较高的特点,可为褐藻寡糖的制备提供技术积累。     

乳源性寡糖对仔猪肠道健康的影响及母猪乳腺合成寡糖的生化机制

乳成分中寡糖可在新生仔猪肠道中选择性地促进乳酸菌和双歧杆菌的快速繁殖.新生仔猪肠道早期菌群定植模式有许多肠道生理作用,如影响后期肠道菌群结构、抑制病原菌、调节肠道黏膜免疫发育和免疫耐受等.本文对上述方面进行综述,并同时讨论了母猪乳腺合成寡糖的生化机制.     

Effect of Forsythia suspensa extract and chito‐oligosaccharide alone or in combination on performance,intestinal barrier function,antioxidant capacity and immune characteristics of weaned piglets

We investigated the effects of Forsythia suspensa extract (FSE) and chito‐oligosaccharide (COS), alone or together, on performance and health status of weaned piglets. The treatments included a basal diet and three diets with 160 mg/kg COS, 100 mg/kg FSE, or 100 mg/kg FSE and 160 mg/kg COS. Supplementation with COS or FSE alone improved (P < 0.01) average daily gain and feed conversion ratio compared with the basal diet in the first 2 weeks. On day 14, COS or FSE supplementation separately produced stronger (P < 0.01) serum total antioxidant capacity and glutathione peroxidase activities and lower serum endotoxin (P < 0.05) and malondialdehyde (P < 0.01) concentrations, generated higher (P < 0.01) serum complement 4 concentration, peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation and serum‐specific ovalbumin antibody level than the basal diet. No differences in oxidative injury and immunity indices were detected on day 28. The combined FSE and COS produced similar results compared with FSE or COS when given alone. These data indicate FSE or COS can increase performance by modulating intestinal permeability, antioxidant status and immune function in younger pigs. There appears to be similar advantage in feeding the additives in combination over those obtained from feeding them separately.     

云南松苗木生长对GA3和壳寡糖浸种及缓释肥的响应

【目的】了解赤霉素（gibberellin,GA₃）和壳寡糖（chitosan oligosaccharide,COS）溶液浸种结合基质施缓释肥的组合对云南松苗木生长及其针叶光合色素含量的影响,为短期内培育无蹲苗期壮苗提供科学依据。【方法】从15年生的1.5轮实生种子园采集云南松种子,采用L₉(3⁴)正交试验,开展不同质量浓度GA₃（0.1,0.2和0.3 g/L）和COS（1,3和5 g/L）溶液浸种结合基质施缓释肥（0.5,1.0和1.5 kg/m³）的育苗试验,以不浸种和不施肥的处理作为对照。在苗龄70,110和140 d时,测定苗木地径和苗高生长量,并于苗龄140 d时测定其针叶光合色素含量,筛选促进苗高生长的无蹲苗期壮苗培育的最优组合。【结果】苗龄70,110和140 d时,各处理组合的苗木地径分别为0.9~1.1,1.1~1.5和1.9~2.3 mm,苗高分别为3.5~5.0,7.3~9.6和8.7~12.0 cm,对照地径分别为1.0,1.1和2.1 mm,苗高分别为3.7,7.0和9.2 cm;苗龄140 d时,各处理组合苗木针叶叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量分别为0.43~0.67,0.19~0.27,0.62~0.94和0.08~0.13 mg/g,对照上述色素含量分别为0.52,0.20,0.72和0.10 mg/g;各处理组合间以上指标均具有显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）差异。除苗龄140 d时影响苗木地径生长的主导因子是COS外,其他苗龄阶段影响各指标的主导因子均为基质施缓释肥。【结论】外源激素和养分浸种结合基质施缓释肥可促进云南松苗木生长及其针叶光合色素的积累;无蹲苗期的云南松壮苗培育以促进苗高生长为主,0.2 g/L GA₃和1 g/L COS浸种结合基质施1.0 kg/m³缓释肥的组合,在110 d时即可培育出苗高达到出圃要求的无蹲苗期壮苗。     

壳寡糖、钕、微量元素对菠菜产量和品质的影响

研究了壳寡糖、钕、微量元素对盆栽菠菜的产量和品质的影响。结果表明：壳寡糖＋钕＋微量元素、壳寡糖、钕＋微量元素处理均能显著提高菠菜的产量,壳寡糖＋钕＋微量元素最为明显;壳寡糖＋钕＋微量元素处理和用钕＋微量元素都能显著提高菠菜的含糖量;各处理对菠菜Vc含量无显著性差异;三者配合使用能显著降低菠菜硝态氮和草酸的含量。     

Transfer of blood urea nitrogen to cecal microbial nitrogen is increased by fructo‐oligosaccharide feeding in guinea pigs

The present study was conducted to determine the mechanism by which nitrogen (N) availability is improved by fructo‐oligosaccharide (FOS) in guinea pigs. Adult male guinea pigs were fed a commercial pellet diet (50 g/day) with either 5% glucose or 5% FOS for 7 days in individual metabolism cages. After 7 days of feeding the diet, ¹⁵N‐urea was administered intravenously 1 h before slaughter under anesthesia. The amount and concentration of total, protein, bacterial, ammonia and urea N and the ¹⁵N atom % excess were measured in blood, liver, gut contents and urine. The ¹⁵N atom % excess of total and protein N, and the amount of total, protein and bacteria N and ¹⁵N in the cecum were significantly increased by the consumption of FOS. Furthermore, the concentration and amount of short‐chain fatty acids were significantly increased by the consumption of FOS. In contrast, the amount of urinary ¹⁵N was significantly decreased by the consumption of FOS. These results suggest that consumption of FOS increases transfer of blood urea N into the large intestine for bacterial N synthesis, which is subsequently re‐absorbed by cecotrophy, and contributes to the increase of N utilization in guinea pigs.     

阿魏酰低聚糖的生理功能及其在动物生产中的应用前景

阿魏酰低聚糖(FOs)是由阿魏酸羧基与低聚糖羟基通过酯键联接而成的一种阿魏酰衍生物,其可通过酸、酶以及发酵处理植物细胞壁获得.FOs因具有抗氧化、调节免疫及益生等多种生理功能,在动物生产中有广阔的应用前景.本文对FOs的制备、结构与组成、消化吸收以及生理功能进行综述,旨在为其在动物生产中的研究和开发应用提供理论参考.