向大豆导入琉璃苣Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因的初步研究

采用RT-PCR法扩增出中国境内生长的琉璃苣Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因,序列分析表明,该基因全长为1 359个核苷酸,与美国德克萨斯州的琉璃苣Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因同源性可达到99%。将克隆到的基因连接pRTL2质粒的35S启动子,构建重组载体pPTN-D6D,并通过农杆菌介导的子叶节转化系统,将该基因导入到垦农18和小粒豆2个大豆品种中。经PCR检测分析,初步证明琉璃苣Δ6-脂肪酸脱氢酶基因已导入并整合到大豆基因组中。     

Metabolomics - A robust bioanalytical approach for the discovery of the modes-of-action of pesticides: A review

The agrochemical industry is facing great undertaking that includes increasing demand for the development of new crop protection agents that are safe for the environment and the consumers, and at the same time combat the issue of the emergence of resistance pest strains. The mode-of-action (MoA) is among the features of a bioactive compound that largely determine whether the abovementioned issues are addressed or not, and subsequently whether its commercial development will be addressed. The early discovery of the MoA of bioactive compounds could accelerate pesticide research and development by reducing the required time and costs. Based on advances in synthetic and natural product chemistry, scientists have access to a vast number of compounds that could potentially be developed as crop protection agents. The screening of such compounds with respect to their MoA requires accurate and robust bioanalytical tools. Metabolomics is a powerful bioanalytical tool that will likely play a significant role in the acceleration of the discovery of MoA of bioactive compounds. In the present review, the capabilities and principles and applications of metabolomics for the study of the MoA of herbicides, insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, and antibiotics are discussed.     

缺刻缘绿藻FAD基因的序列特征及其相对转录量对氮饥饿的响应

为探讨缺刻缘绿藻(Myrmecia incisa)花生四烯酸(20:4 6,AA)合成过程中一系列脂肪酸去饱和酶(FAD)的作用,本研究克隆了12、6及5 FAD基因的cDNA全长序列(GenBank登录号分别为JN205757、JN205755和JN205756)及其相应的DNA序列。它们的cDNA全长分别为1 806 bp、2 674 bp及2 318 bp,其中ORF长为1 137bp、1 443 bp和1 446 bp,分别编码由378、480和481个氨基酸组成的蛋白;通过其cDNA与DNA序列的比对,发现12、6及5 FAD基因分别具有4、5和7个内含子,其剪切位点均符合"GT-AG"规则。Δ12、Δ6和Δ5 FAD编码蛋白均富含疏水性氨基酸,约占各自氨基酸组成的52.8%、46.6%及50.9%。密码子的偏好性与缺刻缘绿藻其他基因保持一致。推测这3个FAD基因编码蛋白都存在4个跨膜区,而12和5 FAD还各有一个明显不跨膜的疏水区;都具有FAD家族各自相对保守的3个组氨酸簇基序。基于缺刻缘绿藻和其他物种相应的FAD基因编码蛋白序列所构建的Neighbor-joining(NJ)系统进化树,表明Δ12、Δ6、Δ5及ω3 FAD分别隶属于各自的分支,其中,Δ12与ω3 FAD的亲缘关系较近,而Δ6与Δ5 FAD具有较近的亲缘关系。利用实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,Q-RT-PCR)分析这3个FAD基因在缺刻缘绿藻缺氮培养96 h后又恢复氮培养72 h过程中的相对转录量,结果表明这3个基因的相对转录量都受到氮信号的调控,它们随着氮饥饿培养时间延长明显上升,而氮恢复培养后迅速并显著地下降到氮饥饿胁迫前的水平。结合已知脂肪酸成分在此过程中的变化,推测这3个基因对缺刻缘绿藻AA的合成和积累都起着重要的作用,而Δ6 FAD的作用可能更关键。     

苹果化学疏花疏果研究进展

为探究适合不同品种苹果的化学疏果体系,以萘乙酸 (NAA)、6-苄氨基嘌呤 (6-BA)为疏果剂,多库酯钠 (AOT)及多库酯钠 + 油酸甲酯 (AOT + MO) 作为桶混助剂,在“岳冠”、“龙丰”两个苹果品种上测定了不同助剂体系的理化性质,观测其在苹果皮表面的冲击、铺展及渗透行为;将不同助剂体系与有效成分不同的疏果剂组合,在幼果期进行喷施,统计不同处理的花序坐果率、花朵坐果率和单双果率,并对处理后的果品品质进行测定。结果表明：在纯水中分别添加质量分数为0.1%的AOT或0.3%的 (AOT + MO),能显著降低水的动态表面张力及其在靶标界面的接触角,减少或抑制液滴在果皮上的飞溅弹跳,促进液滴的沉积、铺展及渗透。在两种疏果剂的油悬浮剂中分别添加0.1%的AOT和0.3%的(AOT + MO),能显著提高其对两种苹果的疏除效果。其中对于“龙丰”苹果, 40 mg/L NAA水剂 + 0.1% AOT处理结果与人工疏除无差异,果品品质显著提高,优于人工疏果;对于“岳冠”苹果, 150 mg/L 6-BA + 12.5 mg/L NAA可分散油悬浮剂 + 0.3% (AOT + MO) 处理与人工疏除无差异,果品品质显著提高,优于人工疏果。     

来源于解酯菌的嗜热耐碱脂肪酶的表达纯化及其酶学性质研究

脂肪酶广泛应用于食品加工、生物柴油制备等领域。为了有效提高微生物脂肪酶的可利用度,将来源于解酯嗜热菌(Thermosyntropha lipolytica DSM 11003)的脂肪酶基因(tll2)克隆到大肠杆菌表达载体pET28a中,获得重组质粒pET28a TLL2,将pET28a TLL2转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)宿主菌中进行高效表达。通过热处理和镍柱亲和层析得到电泳纯的蛋白TlLip2,对其进行酶学性质表征。结果显示,TlLip2的亚基分子质量为57 ku,比酶活为31 U/mg,最适反应pH及温度分别为8.0和60℃。在60℃以下、pH 6.0~11.0范围内,TlLip2的稳定性较好,相对酶活均维持在60%以上。金属离子K+和Na+对TlLip2有较大激活作用,而Co^2+、Zn^2+、SDS和Tween 80对TlLip2酶活力抑制作用明显。TlLip2在极性小的有机溶剂中具有较好的耐受性。TlLip2对中等碳链长度的对硝基苯酯显示出更高的活性,其中以对硝基苯己酯为底物时,TlLip2的酶活最高;以对硝基苯棕榈酸酯为底物时,该酶的动力学常数Km为0.29 mmol/L,Vmax为2.28 mmol/(L·min^-1),kcat为6.19 s^-1。此外,将其应用到油酸乙酯的合成研究中,以油酸和乙醇为底物,研究TlLip2催化制备油酸乙酯的转化条件,结果表明在60℃、加酶量为100 U/g的TlLip2,催化摩尔比为1∶2的油酸和乙醇,12 h后油酸乙酯的转化率达到62.1%,表明TlLip2在催化脂肪酸酯化方面具有较大的应用潜能。     

Molecular basis of the low linolenic acid trait in soybean EMS mutant line RG10

A possible solution to stability problems is to genetically reduce the content of linolenic acid in soybean seed. RG10 is a low linolenic acid line (<25 g/kg) produced by ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) treatment of the low linolenic acid EMS mutant line C1640. The objective of this study was to determine the molecular basis of the low linolenic acid trait in RG10. Sequence analyses of mutant RG10 and wild-type OX948 ω-fatty acid desaturase ( Fad3 ) genes showed that the low level of linolenic acid in RG10 is likely a result of mutations in two Fad3 genes. A mutation in the Fad3A gene introduces a stop codon in exon 6 that would prematurely terminate translation and a second mutation in the 5' splice site of intron 5 of the Fad3B gene may result in abnormal mRNA splicing products. Both mutations would result in a non-functional enzyme. Molecular markers developed for these mutations should simplify and accelerate introgression of the RG10-based low linolenic acid trait into elite soybean cultivars.     

Effect of SCD and SREBP genotypes on fatty acid composition in adipose tissue of Japanese Black cattle herds

Fatty acid composition of beef adipose tissue is one of important traits because high proportions of monounsaturated fatty acid are related to favorable beef flavor and tenderness. In this study, we investigated effects of genetic factors such as stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) and sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) on beef carcass traits including fatty acid composition using two cattle populations. Sire effect was significantly related to almost all traits except BMS, suggesting that the trait examined in this study is highly controlled by genetic factors. The effect of SCD genotype on fatty acid composition was detected remarkably in both cattle groups, especially on stearic and oleic acids. This result was consistent with our previous studies and suggests that SCD is associated with fatty acid composition. Unlike SCD genotyping, the effect of SREBP genotype was not identified in this study. Our results suggested that SCD genotype would contribute to improving beef quality in field populations. Further studies about the relationship among these factors will bring an insight into the molecular mechanism of fatty acid metabolism in cattle.