甘蓝型油菜硫甙含量对接种菌核病的反应

研究了甘蓝型油菜硫苷含量与人工接种菌核病的互作关系。在油菜五叶期,人工接种菌核病菌丝体,然后在接种当天和接种后第１、第３和第７ｄ分析接种叶片和其它叶片的硫苷变化,所有参试「抗（耐）病和感病」品系都对人工接种菌核病菌丝体反应强烈,在接种第３叶,硫苷含量显著增加。但是抗（耐）病品系的硫苷增加不仅仅限于接种叶片,品系０１４硫苷增加在接种后第７ｄ的非接种叶片最幼嫩的第７叶片最为明显。品系０２０硫苷增加在接     

近10年油菜主要病虫害发生危害情况的统计和分析

2007-2016年,我国油菜种植面积逐年增加,尤其近三年均超过753万hm2,种植制度调整、观赏型油菜与高产型油菜间隔种植、病虫害抗药性增强以及气候异常等因素导致我国油菜病虫害总体处于重发状态,防控压力大。近10年油菜各类病虫害年发生面积在721.18万~881.74万hm2次,防治面积在686.18万~982.28万hm2次,通过防治年均挽回油菜损失98.34万t,占全国油菜总产的7.25%;年均实际损失28.09万t,占全国油菜总产的2.07%。影响全国油菜生产的最为重要的10种病虫害依次为油菜菌核病、油菜蚜虫、油菜霜霉病、小菜蛾、油菜甲虫(叶甲科和露尾甲科甲虫,下同)、油菜茎象甲、油菜病毒病、地下害虫、菜粉蝶和油菜白锈病,以总损失计,比例分别为55.60%、23.44%、9.51%、2.87%、2.43%、1.69%、1.58%、1.53%、0.86%和0.50%。对油菜生产威胁最大的病虫害是油菜菌核病和油菜蚜虫。本文用大量翔实的历史数据统计分析了近10年来油菜主要病虫害造成的危害损失和暴发危害情况,为油菜病虫害的监测预警及防治工作提供参考。     

油菜与核盘菌互作分子机理研究进展

菌核病是由核盘菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary）引起的真菌性病害,每年导致油菜（Brassica napus L.）产量损失10%-20%,是制约我国油菜生产最主要的病害。培育抗（耐）病油菜品种是防治油菜菌核病最为经济有效的途径。本文主要综述了近五年油菜-核盘菌互作分子机制的研究进展。研究表明：（1）核盘菌侵染寄主早期存在活体营养型阶段;（2）草酸提供的酸性pH,而非草酸本身,是核盘菌的必需致病因子;（3）核盘菌有效地利用效应蛋白抑制寄主的抗病反应或者诱导寄主细胞坏死以帮助其侵染;（4）油菜对菌核病的抗性具有中等遗传力,为数量抗性;（5）病原相关分子模式（pathogen-associated molecular pattern, PAMP）引发的免疫反应（PAMP-triggered immunity, PTI）是油菜对核盘菌产生数量抗性的主要根源;（6）功能基因组学研究表明抗（耐）病油菜材料防卫反应更加剧烈,能有效调控细胞内的氧化还原平衡状态,及时清除过量活性氧（reactive oxygen species,ROS）的积累,抑制细胞死亡。核盘菌-油菜互作分子机制的研究将有助于指导油菜抗菌核病育种。     

Regulatory effects of sulfur on oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) response to selenite

Selenite is a form of selenium (Se) commonly found in Se-excessive soils. To regulate the Se content in plants in high-Se areas, a potted soil experiment was performed on oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) to evaluate the effects of varied amounts of sulfur (S) on the biomass, accumulation and distribution of Se in B. napus under the conditions of different amounts of Se in the soil. The results showed that the seedlings of B. napus were more sensitive to Se than the mature plants were. The addition of S significantly alleviated the growth inhibition in seedlings and facilitated the growth of mature plants under higher Se (15 mg kg^?1) conditions. S treatment significantly decreased soil pH within the range of 0.22–0.60. An appropriate moderate amount (150 mg kg^?1) of S exerted the strongest inhibition on Se concentration and accumulation in B. napus at the seedling stage, but a higher amount (300 mg kg^?1) of S led to a more significant decrease in the mature plants under higher Se conditions, with the maximum reduction in various parts of B. napus reaching 51.3–60.9% and 42.5–53.4%, respectively. The application of S only affected the uptake of Se, and not the translocation of Se; the accumulation of Se in B. napus follows the sequence of pod ≈ stem > rapeseed > root, and the distribution ratio is approximately 1.00:0.97:0.69:0.49. Overall, the application of S alleviated the inhibitory effect on growth caused by excessive Se by reducing the Se concentration in B. napus and facilitating its growth, suggesting that S treatment is a suitable and highly cost-effective method to regulate the content of Se in B. napus.     

Seed vigor and boron and calcium nutrition influence oilseed rape germinability and seedling growth under salt stress

The beneficial effects of boron (B) and calcium (Ca) nutrition on pea seed germinability under salinity stress have recently been shown. However, nothing is known about the influence of seed vigor status on these results, especially in oilseed rape as an important oil crop worldwide. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of seed vigor, boron and calcium nutrition on seed germinability, seedling growth, and some biochemical characteristics of oilseed rape seedlings under salinity. In spite of promotive effects of application of both boron and calcium nutrition on oilseed rape germinability and seedling growth, there was a more significant promotion on germination rate of high vigor seeds. Proline content and guaiacol peroxidase activity of seedlings were significantly increased by adding supplemental boron to the medium compared to the control. Finally, it can be concluded that boron and calcium nutrition would improve the salt tolerance capability of oilseed rape seedlings from vigorous seeds, at least in the early plant development.     

Nutrient deficiency limits population development,yield formation,and nutrient uptake of direct sown winter oilseed rape

Direct-sowing establishment method has great significance in improving winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) production and guaranteeing edible oil security in China. However, nutrient responses on direct sown winter oilseed rape (DOR) performance and population development dynamic are still not well understood. Therefore, five on-farm experiments were conducted in the reaches of the Yangtze River (RYR) to determine the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) deficiencies on population density, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, seed yield, and yield components of DOR plants. Four fertilization treatments included the balanced NPK application treatment (NPK, 180 kg N, 39.3 kg P, 100 kg K, and 1.8 kg borax ha–1) and three nutrient deficiency treatments based on the NPK treatment, i.e., –N, –P, and –K. The results indicated that DOR population density declined gradually throughout the growing season, especially at over-wintering and pod-development stages. Nutrient deficiency decreased nutrient concentration in DOR plants, limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, and thereby exacerbated density reduction during plants growth. The poor individual growth and reduced population density together decreased seed yield in the nutrient deficiency treatment. Averaged across all the experiments, seed yield reduced 61% by N deficiency, 38.3% by P deficiency, and 14.4% by K deficiency. The negative effects of nutrient deficiency on DOR performances followed the order of –N>–P>–K, and the effects were various among different nutrient deficiencies. Although N deficiency improved DOR emergence, but it seriously limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, which in turn led to substantial plants death and therefore resulted in a very low harvested density. The P deficiency significantly reduced initial density, limited plants growth, and exacerbated density reduction. The K deficiency mainly decreased individual growth and yield, but did not affect density dynamic. Our results highlighted the importance of balanced NPK application in DOR production, suggesting that management strategy of these nutrients should be comprehensively considered with an aim to build an appropriate population structure with balanced plant density and individual growth.     

除草剂丙酯草醚对油菜和牛繁缕乙酰乳酸合成酶活性的影响(英文)

以组织培养的牛繁缕、油菜为试验材料,研究除草剂丙酯草醚对乙酰乳酸合成酶( ALS)活性的影响,探讨在施用丙酯草醚后,添加不同支链氨基酸对牛繁缕生长恢复的作用.结果表明,丙酯草醚对牛繁缕ALS 活性有较大的抑制作用,对油菜ALS 活性的抑制作用较小,这表明丙酯草醚对牛繁缕和油菜有较好的选择性.单独添加异亮氨酸(Ile)、亮氨酸(Leu)、缬氨酸(Val)可缓解丙酯草醚对牛繁缕生长的抑制作用;同时添加任意2 种支链氨基酸(Ile、Leu、Val)可以增强对牛繁缕的生长恢复作用;当Ile、Leu、Val 均以10 mg·L-1 同时添加时,可以完全抵消丙酯草醚对牛繁缕生长的抑制作用.据此推测,丙酯草醚可以抑制杂草体内支链氨基酸合成所需的ALS 活性,因而可能属于ALS 抑制剂.     

Ecological weed management by cover cropping: effects on weed growth in autumn and weed establishment in spring

Cover crops grown in the period between two main crops have potential as an important component of a system‐oriented ecological weed management strategy. In late summer and autumn, the cover crop can suppress growth and seed production of weeds, whereas the incorporation of cover crop residues in spring may reduce or retard weed emergence. Based on these two criteria, six cover crop species were evaluated for their weed suppressive potential in 2 years of experimentation in the Netherlands. Fodder radish, winter oilseed rape and winter rye had the strongest competitive ability in autumn; the competitive strength of Italian ryegrass was intermediate and white lupin and lucerne were poor competitors. Competitiveness was strongly correlated to early light interception. Surprisingly, doubling the recommended sowing density did not increase weed suppressive ability. Although a poor competitor in the fall, after incorporation in spring, lucerne had the strongest inhibitory effect on seedling establishment, followed by winter oilseed rape and white lupin. Winter rye and fodder radish did not affect seedling establishment, whereas Italian ryegrass was not evaluated because of re‐growth after incorporation. Competition in autumn and subsequent residue‐mediated suppression of weed establishment in spring varied among the cover crop species, with winter oilseed rape offering relatively strong effects during both periods.