Effects of Nonregular Spatial Distribution of Plants on Yield per Area: A Theoretical Approach with Applications to Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

In this study a stochastic approach, based on several simplifying assumptions, is developed that allows an estimation of the effects of nonregular spatial patterns of the distribution of individual plants on yield per area. In this approach, two random variables were attached to each individual plant: single plant yield and individual space per plant. The latter can be estimated, for example, by the area of Thiessen polygons. Yield per area is calculated theoretically by the expectation (=mean) of the ratio between individual yield and area. Based on the logarithmic relationship between single plant yield and individual space per plant, yield per area can be broken down into three additive terms: the first term depends only on the mean of individual plant areas, while the second depends on their mean and variance simultaneously. This second term is the product of the variance and a factor which depends only on the mean. The third term is a function of the mean and of higher order (≥ 3) central moments of a fractional linear transformation of individual plant area. Finally, these theoretical concepts were applied to 17 experimental data sets of three cultivars of winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) with measurements for single plant yields and individual areas for the Thiessen polygon tesselations. Since yield per area is theoretically defined by the expectation of the ratio between individual yield and area, it is estimated by the arithmetic mean of the individual yield/area‐ratios. The agreement between this estimate and the sum of the estimated terms from the aforementioned additive decomposition of yield per area is particularly good. For the 17 data sets, percentages for these additive terms of approximately 71.4 % up to 98.4 % (mean: 89.0 %) for the first term, 1.6 % up to 20.0 % (mean: 9.8 %) for the second term and 0 % up to 8.7 % (mean: 1.2 %) for the third term are obtained. As a consequence it may be concluded, that yield per area can be explained mainly by dependencies on the means of individual plant areas while the variance of individual plant spaces is of only minor importance. The effect of the third term is insignificant. These results clearly indicate an answer to the main issue raised in the paper, namely the importance of seeding density as opposed to seeding accuracy/uniformity: nonuniformity is of limited influence and seeding density is the main correlate of yield/area. Seed placement accuracy of seeding technology therefore plays an only minor role.     

A computer-based advisory system for control of the summer pests of winter oilseed rape in Britain

A computer-based interactive model that can aid farmers in the control of summer pests on winter oilseed rape is described. The model uses details on the growth characteristics of oilseed rape, together with predictions of the damage caused by the pests, to determine whether a spray application is required. The model was validated using field trials in 1986 and 1987. These trials showed that the model performed very well when compared with other popular types of advice available. Economic comparison of the model with current ADAS (MAFF) advice showed that the model performed as well or better. The model also had the advantage that it used the economics of the situation, as well as the size of the pest population, in calculating advice.     

播期、密度和施肥量对直播油菜重要农艺性状与产量的影响

2010~2011年度以甘蓝型半冬性核不育杂交油菜为材料,采用三元二次回归正交组合设计研究了直播油菜最高产时的栽培组合,并对8个重要农艺性状与小区产量之间进行相关及通径分析。结果表明,直播油菜的株高、单株有效角果数、每角果粒数、根茎粗和叶痕数与直播油菜的产量呈极显著或显著正相关关系,各农艺性状与直播油菜产量的相关系数大小依次为单株有效角果数(0.9554)株高(0.9340)根茎粗(0.9107)每角果粒数(0.9106)叶痕数(0.8445)分支位高度(0.694.1)分支数(0.5595)千粒重(0.2292)。各相关性状对油菜产量的直接影响为单株有效角果数(0.8811)根茎粗(-0.4645)叶痕数(0.3350)株高(0.2908)分支数(-0.2000)每角果粒数(0.0857)分支位高度(0.0732)千粒重(0.0454)。直播油菜的叶痕数和根茎粗是影响产量的重要农艺性状,叶痕数对产量起直接作用,而根茎粗主要是通过间接作用起到增产效果。在南方双季稻区,播期、密度和施肥量对直播油菜产量均有显著影响,在本试验条件下,以播期为10月27日,种植密度不少于45万株/hm~2,施肥量为1851.9kg/hm~2的组合为最佳种植方案。     

油葵杂交种美葵562品种特性及栽培技术

介绍了油葵杂交种美葵562生长整齐,适应性广,抗旱,耐低温,抗向日葵霜霉病和叶斑病。并着重阐述了适宜美葵562丰产的高效栽培技术。     

油菜角果质量与分枝数的关系

通过分析油菜超高产条件下植株一次分枝数和二次分枝数的多少对各部位角果质量的影响,得出如下结果①各枝序的角果数一般都随一次、二次分枝数的增加而增加;而每角粒数和千粒重随一次、二次分枝数的增加呈先增后减的趋势.②主序和一次分枝的角果质量随分枝数的增减而变化的幅度较小;二次分枝的角果质量随分枝数的增减而变化的幅度较大.③油菜超高产条件下,单株最适宜利用的一次和二次分枝数分别为11～12个和10～15个,过多过少都不利于群体角果质量的提高.     

雨强及施肥降雨间隔对油菜田氮素径流流失的影响

利用室内模拟降雨和原状土盆栽的方法。研究了3个不同降雨强度条件下降雨施肥间隔对杭嘉湖平原区油菜田氮紊径流流失的影响。结果表明：在同一降雨强度下，降雨施肥间隔与总氮输出浓度呈负相关关系。而同一降雨施肥间隔下。雨强与径流氮浓度呈正相关关系．但即使在低雨强下．短降雨施肥间隔仍可导致大量氮紊流失；径流氮素输出动态过程可以分为前期浓度出峰期和后期浓度下降稳定期，径流氮浓度的输出风险主要集中在前期出峰期，低雨强的稳定期出现时间较早；硝氮是氮索流失的主要形态，各处理条件下硝氮比重均在30％以上，降雨施肥间隔时间在3天以上比重更高；高雨强和短降雨施肥间隔明显促进总氮及硝氮的流失，降雨施肥间隔应尽量在5～7天以上。     

蜜蜂授粉在油菜生产中的作用研究

为探明蜜蜂授粉在油菜生产中作用和经济重要性,采用蜜蜂授粉依赖度模型,从蜜蜂对油菜授粉服务价值、油菜生产对授粉蜂群需求量2个方面评价蜜蜂授粉在油菜生产中作用。结果表明,2018年蜜蜂对国内油菜的授粉服务价值约104.19亿元,相当于油菜年产值661.41亿元的15.75%。蜜蜂对四川省、湖北省、湖南省油菜生产的授粉价值均在10亿元以上。国内油菜生产对授粉蜂群的需求量较大,约需1637.65万群以上蜜蜂授粉,该数量已超国内目前蜂群总量908.84万群,其中,湖南省和四川省油菜生产对授粉蜂群的需求量最大,约占国内现有蜂群总量的1/3以上。由此可见,蜜蜂授粉是油菜生产重要的生产投入,应当逐步提高民众对蜜蜂授粉经济价值的认识,大力推广油菜蜜蜂授粉技术。     

Efficacy of different formulations of pirimiphos-methyl and etrimfos when admixed with oilseed rape, against susceptible storage insect and mite species

The efficacy of emulsifiable concentrate and dust formulations of pirimiphos-methyl and etrimfos were assessed, when admixed with oilseed rape, 1 day after treatment, against susceptible beetle, moth and mite species. The minimum intended doses required to provide complete mortality differed with each pest species. If Maximum Residue Limits are introduced that are equivalent to less than one quarter of the current pesticide application rates, their effective use may be prevented, as control of Acarus siro and Tyrophagus putrescentiae may not be achieved.     

Comparing the Nitrogen and Potassium Requirements of Canola and Wheat for Yield and Grain Quality

ABSTRACT

Grain yield increases (responses) of canola (oilseed rape, Brassica napus L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to application of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers were compared in the same experiment at eight field sites over three years (2000–2002) in southwestern Australia. Four rates of N (0–138 kg N/ha as urea) and four rates of K (0–60 kg K ha^?1 as potassium chloride) were applied. Significant grain yield responses to applied N and K occurred for both crop species at all sites of the experiment, and the NxK interaction was significant. Canola required an average of 26% more applied N and 32% more applied K than wheat to produce 90% of the maximum grain yield. Applying increasing rates of K increased the rate of N required for 90% of maximum grain yield. Likewise, applying increasing rates of N increased the rate of K required for 90% of the maximum grain yield. Fertilizer K had no significant affect on the concentration of oil in canola grain or concentration of protein in both canola and wheat grain. Application of increasing rates of N decreased the concentration of oil while increasing the concentration of protein in canola grain, and increased concentration of protein in wheat grain. The NxK interaction was not significant for concentration of oil or protein in grain.     

STUDIES ON DIFFERENCES OF NITROGEN EFFICIENCY AND ROOT CHARACTERISTICS OF OILSEED RAPE (BRASSICA NAPUS L.) CULTIVARS IN RELATION TO NITROGEN FERTILIZATION

Differences of nitrogen efficiency of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) cultivars and their physiological properties were studied in a pot experiment, and the ratio of seed yield with no nitrogen supplied to that with normal nitrogen supply was adopted as a nitrogen efficiency coefficient. Results showed that the nitrogen efficiency coefficient determined for eight oilseed rape cultivars varied from 0.37 to 0.69, the ratio of nitrogen uptake amounts per plant, nitrogen transfer velocity from stems and leaves to seeds, and nitrogen physiological efficiency of oilseed rape cultivars under nitrogen stressed condition differed from with normal nitrogen supply. The higher the nitrogen efficiency of a cultivar, the higher the ratio of N uptake in no nitrogen to with N supplied. Under low nitrogen-supplying conditions, high nitrogen efficiency cultivars had longer roots, more lateral roots, higher amounts of reuse of nitrate from stem and leaves, and higher nitrate reductase activities in leaves.