Phenotypic and marker‐assisted pyramiding of genes for resistance to zucchini yellow mosaic virus in oilseed pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo)

We report on the identification of phenotypic and molecular markers for genes introgressed into oilseed pumpkin Cucurbita pepo from C. moschata germplasm originating in Nigeria, Portugal and Puerto Rico, which provide resistance against zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) and on pyramiding these genes for improved and long‐lasting field protection of oilseed pumpkins. One SCAR and two SSR markers have been found for three dominant resistance genes, Zym‐0, Zym‐1 and Zym‐2. Characteristic reactions to ZYMV inoculation of plants carrying the recessive genes for resistance zym‐4* and zym‐6 have been defined. Described are procedures and results of pyramiding various combinations of these genes in oilseed pumpkin using the three markers and the specific phenotypic reactions to infection of some of these genes. The putative combination of all six resistance genes in one genotype resulted in a resistance that appeared to be at least as strong as or even stronger than that of the resistance source germplasm in C. moschata.     

油菜和新疆野芥体细胞杂种后代的菌核病抗性鉴定

菌核病是我国油菜的主要病害,发病严重年份可以造成10%以上的产量损失.寻找菌核病抗源、选育抗病品种一直是油菜育种的重要课题.新疆野芥分布于我国西北部新疆地区,具有较好的抗真菌性病害能力.利用离体叶接种、牙签法侵染和大田自然鉴定等方法,对新疆野芥与甘蓝型油菜的体细胞杂种后代衍生株系进行了抗菌核病鉴定试验.结果表明,体细胞杂种后代的抗病性高于对照品种中油821、中双4号和中双9号.并通过测定PAL,POD和PPO活性的变化来研究抗病材料的抗性机理.     

我国油用型向日葵研究发展概述

概述了我国油用型向日葵研究发展的过程.整理出曾在我国生产上应用推广的品种和国内各育种单位和种子公司育成和引进的优良杂交种,以及部分地区正在参加区试和引进的杂交种.     

Growth and body composition of rohu (Labeo rohita) fed diets containing oilseed meals: partial or total replacement of fish meal with soybean meal

A 56‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth, feed utilization and body composition of fingerling rohu, Labeo rohita (4.5 ± 0.2 cm; 2.58 ± 0.04 g), fed five isonitrogenous (350 g kg^?1 crude protein) and isoenergetic (15.7 kJ g^?1 metabolizable energy) diets in which the main protein contributors were: diet I, fish meal (FM); diet II, soybean meal (SBM); diet III, groundnut meal (GNM); diet IV, equal amounts of SBM, GNM and canola meal (CM); diet V, equal amounts of FM, SBM, GNM and CM. Fish were stocked in triplicate groups of 25 fish held in 70 L flow‐through tanks (water volume 55 L) and fed twice daily (0900 and 1700 hrs) to apparent satiation. Fish fed diet I exhibited the highest (P < 0.05) values for live weight gain and specific growth rate (% per day). Feed conversion and protein efficiency ratio were better (P < 0.05) in fish‐fed diets I and II. Fish‐fed diet II exhibited lower (P < 0.05) fat and ash contents in carcass. Based on these findings, a 70‐day trial (Experiment II) was conducted with six diets fed under the same conditions where FM was incrementally replaced with SBM. Fingerling L. rohita (6.7 ± 0.4 cm; 4.07 ± 0.02 g) were used for the study. Crystalline l ‐methionine was added to diets containing more than 250 g kg^?1 SBM. This second study showed no significant (P > 0.05) variation in growth, feed utilization and carcass composition for fish fed the different diets. In conclusion, SBM was more effective than GNM or CM, as FM was replaced in feeds for fingerling L. rohita and could completely replace FM when supplemented with methionine and fortified with minerals under the conditions of this study.     

Pyrethroid resistance monitoring in European populations of pollen beetle (Meligethes spp.): a coordinated approach through the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC)

BACKGROUND: Pollen beetle (Meligethes spp.) is a major pest of European oilseed rape crops. Its resistance to pyrethroid insecticides has been recorded in samples of beetles collected in Europe since at least 1999, and problems with the control of the beetle in the field have been widely reported. In 2007, a Pollen Beetle Working Group was formed through the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) in order to coordinate efforts for surveying pyrethroid resistance development. RESULTS: The results of the first 3 years of the pollen beetle pyrethroid susceptibility survey using a laboratory test are presented in this paper. Resistant beetle samples were collected from 20 of the 21 countries surveyed, with a general trend of increasing frequency and spread of resistant samples in European oilseed‐rape‐growing regions. CONCLUSION: Pyrethroid‐resistant beetles dominate in Western and Central Europe and are becoming established in the North and East, the main oilseed‐rape‐growing areas of Europe. The development and spread of pyrethroid‐resistant pollen beetles highlights the need for effective management strategies for oilseed rape insect pests. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Pyrethroid resistance and thiacloprid baseline susceptibility of European populations of Meligethes aeneus (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) collected in winter oilseed rape

BACKGROUND: Pollen beetle, Meligethes aeneus F. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae), is a major pest in European winter oilseed rape. Recently, control failures with pyrethroid insecticides commonly used to control this pest have been reported in many European countries. For resistance management purposes, the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid was widely introduced as a new mode of action for pollen beetle control. RESULTS: A number of pollen beetle populations collected in Germany, France, Austria, Great Britain, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Poland, Czech Republic and Ukraine were tested for pyrethroid resistance using lambda‐cyhalothrin‐coated glass vials (adult vial test). Most of the populations tested exhibited substantial levels of resistance to lambda‐cyhalothrin, and resistance ratios ranged from < 10 to > 2000. A similar resistance monitoring bioassay for the neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid was developed and validated by assessing baseline susceptibility data for 88 European pollen beetle populations. A variation of less than fivefold in response to thiacloprid was detected. The thiacloprid adult vial bioassay is based on glass vials coated with an oil‐dispersion‐based formulation of thiacloprid, resulting in a much better bioavailability compared with technical material. Analytical measurements revealed a > 56 and 28 day stability of thiacloprid and lambda‐cyhalothrin in coated glass vials at room temperature, respectively. No cross‐resistance between thiacloprid and lambda‐cyhalothrin based on log‐dose probit–mortality data was detected. CONCLUSION: Pyrethroid resistance in many European populations of M. aeneus was confirmed, whereas all populations are susceptible to thiacloprid when tested in a newly designed and validated monitoring bioassay based on glass vials coated with oil‐dispersion‐formulated thiacloprid. Based on the homogeneous results, it is concluded that thiacloprid could be an important chemical tool for pollen beetle resistance management strategies in European winter oilseed rape. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Development of non-narcotic (opiumless and alkaloid-free) opium poppy, Papaver somniferum

A mutation breeding programme using gamma rays and ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS) was carried out for genetic conversion of narcotic ‘opium poppy’ into non-narcotic ‘seed poppy’. Two families contained 31 latexless (opiumless) and 23 partial latex-bearing plants which were identified in the M² and confirmed in the M³ generations by the ‘ray-pluck’ method. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)-densitometry of powdered capsule hulls (straw) from 22 representative plants also revealed that none of the five opium alkaloids (morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine and narcotine) was present in the straw. Six plants also possessed high seed yield (4.0–5.66 g/capsule vs. 3.39 g for control) and seven had a high seed oil content (50.7-53.5%). The best mutant genotype, LL-34 of the family C¹-Comb-113-2, with 5.66 g/capsule seeds containing 52.6% oil was designated as cv. ‘Sujata’. This, perhaps the world's first opiumless and alkaloid-free seed poppy cultivar, offers a cheap and permanent (fundamental) solution to the global problem of opium-linked social abuse. Simultaneously, it serves as a safe and potential food crop with protein-rich seeds and healthy unsaturated seed oil.     

不同硼肥对油菜产量和品质的影响及其在油稻轮作中的后效

通过盆栽土培和田间试验,研究两种具有缓释特性的硼肥Etibor-48(Na2B4O7·5H2O,EB)和Colemanite (Ca2B6O11·5H2O,CB)对油菜产量和品质的影响及其在油稻轮作中的后效.盆栽试验结果表明,EB和CB各处理第一季油菜产量显著高于不施硼处理(-B),与硼砂处理(B)比较也有较大提高;安...     

油菜分段收获齿带式捡拾器的设计与试验

根据我国油菜生产特点和技术需求,应适当发展分段收获,为此,设计了一种齿带式油菜分段收获装置。本文对齿带式捡拾收获装置的结构和工作原理进行了分析,重点研究了齿带捡拾装置的仿形、输送和捡拾等装置的优化配置,以探索新的工作原理和新的结构设计。进行了齿带式油菜捡拾装置参数优选试验,得到机组前进速度、齿带输送速度和齿带输送倾角与损失率的关系。采用正交试验的方法进行试验,并对试验数据进行极差分析,找出适合齿带捡拾器收获油菜的最佳参数组合。三个影响因素按重要性排序为:机组作业速度>输送带速>输送倾角。确定了一组最优的参数组合:机组前进速度0.71m/s,输送带速0.9m/s,输送倾角12°。     

平湖地区油菜蜜蜂授粉效果的研究

蜜蜂授粉在生态环境保护和农作物增产方面起着非常重要的作用。油菜是我国最重要的油料作物之一。研究选取平湖地区6块试验地,每块试验地分为蜜蜂授粉区与无蜂授粉区,分别给予蜜蜂授粉和无蜂授粉处理,待油菜籽成熟后采收。以每块试验田油菜籽的亩产量、全株有效角果数、每角果数和千粒重作为产量指标,含油量、芥酸、硫甙、油酸、蛋白质含量作为质量指标,结果采用单因素方差分析。结果表明,蜜蜂授粉能提高油菜籽产量49．4%,增加全株有效角果数78．6个,提高含油量1．8个百分点,对其他指标没有显著影响。研究表明蜜蜂授粉对提高油菜籽产量和含油量有明显作用。