Curvularia spicifera and Curvularia muehlenbeckiae causing leaf blight on Cunninghamia lanceolata

Curvularia includes plant pathogenic species with a worldwide distribution and a wide host range, particularly cereals and grass (Poaceae). Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) is an important afforestation tree species in southern China, with a high economic value. Leaf blight disease on Chinese fir was discovered in Hunan and Zhejiang, China, and two fungal species were found to be associated with the symptoms. Using morphological and phylogenetic approaches, they were identified as Curvularia spicifera and Curvularia muehlenbeckiae. They were determined to be the pathogens by fulfilling Koch's postulates. Both showed a pathogenicity on Citrus reticulata and Citrus tangerina, which have a similar geographic distribution to Chinese fir. The similar geographic distribution of these hosts may increase the risk of disease. Based on a literature review, leaf blight caused by C. spicifera and C. muehlenbeckiae is recorded here on a gymnosperm for the first time.     

不同肥种对蓝莓菌根侵染特性及土壤理化性质的影响

为探究不同肥种对蓝莓菌根及土壤理化性质的影响,以7年生兔眼蓝莓‘灿烂’为试材,研究了6种处理(CK、DP、HH、KS、LZ和HF)对蓝莓菌根着生状态及侵染率、根系活力、根系丙二醛(MDA)含量、土壤主要营养成分含量及蓝莓产量的影响。结果表明:蓝莓菌根菌着生普遍,DP处理的蓝莓菌根侵染率最高,且与HH、KS处理的菌根侵染率均达到3级;5种施肥处理均显著提升蓝莓的根系活力(P<0.05),DP处理的蓝莓根系活力最高;5种施肥处理显著降低了蓝莓根系MDA含量;LZ处理的结果数、坐果率、单果质量、单株产量均达到较高水平。综上所述,LZ、HF和DP处理均能显著降低土壤pH,整体提高土壤综合肥力,增加蓝莓产量。因此在蓝莓生产上,建议适当增加土壤有机质、有机酸和全钾的含量,有利于提高蓝莓菌根侵染率和根系活力,降低蓝莓根系MDA含量。     

Screening Mangrove Endophytic Fungi for Antimalarial Natural Products

We conducted a screening campaign to investigate fungi as a source for new antimalarial compounds. A subset of our fungal collection comprising Chinese mangrove endophytes provided over 5000 lipophilic extracts. We developed an accelerated discovery program based on small-scale cultivation for crude extract screening and a high-throughput malaria assay. Criteria for hits were developed and high priority hits were subjected to scale-up cultivation. Extracts from large scale cultivation were fractionated and these fractions subjected to both in vitro malaria and cytotoxicity screening. Criteria for advancing fractions to purification were developed, including the introduction of a selectivity index and by dereplication of known metabolites. From the Chinese mangrove endophytes, four new compounds (14–16, 18) were isolated including a new dimeric tetrahydroxanthone, dicerandrol D (14), which was found to display the most favorable bioactivity profile.     

禾谷孢囊线虫生防真菌的筛选及其生物学特性的研究

禾谷孢囊线虫病(简称CCN)是我国小麦产区主要的病害之一,对农业生产造成了极大的损失。该研究从禾谷孢囊线虫的孢囊上分离寄生性真菌,并对其进行室内防效测定。结果表明:从获得的20株真菌中,菌株Z2和Z4菌株对禾谷孢囊线虫病有较好的防治效果,防效均达50%。通过形态特征观察和ITS序列区测定,Z2和Z4两菌株分别归属为格孢腔菌目(Pleosporales)和拟青霉属(Paecilomycessp.),并对两菌株的生物学特性进行了初步的研究。     

粮食作物AM真菌研究进展

综述了近年来粮食作物根际AM真菌多样性研究进展,包括粮食作物根际AM真菌资源及种类,AM真菌对粮食作物的侵染及影响因素;以及AM真菌对粮食作物生长发育、矿质营养吸收、植物抗逆性和抗病性等方面影响的研究现状;并展望了粮食作物AM真菌的应用前景。     

化感水稻内生真菌的分离鉴定及其发酵产物的生物学效应研究

以化感水稻品种‘PI312777’‘6173’和‘6180’为研究对象,从水稻根、茎和叶中分离获得70株内生真菌,采用形态学观察和rDNA-ITS区序列分析,对内生真菌进行分类鉴定。进一步以化感水稻‘PI312777’分离得到的粘红酵母和塔宾曲霉为试验菌株,通过不同稀释倍数的真菌发酵液对非化感水稻进行MS半固体培养基育苗试验,研究化感水稻内生真菌发酵产物对非化感水稻萌发率、株高等形态指标及苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性的影响。结果表明,从供试化感水稻品种中共分离得到17种内生真菌,经rDNA-ITS系统发育树分析鉴定为10个属,这些内生真菌主要分布在曲霉属（Aspergillus）（29.63%）、青霉属（Penicillium）（16.67%）和镰刀菌属（Fusarium）（12.96%）。不同稀释浓度塔宾曲霉发酵液对水稻幼苗生长均有促生作用,其中50倍稀释浓度处理可显著提高水稻幼苗的株高、根长及POD酶活性。粘红酵母菌发酵液5倍稀释浓度可显著提高水稻幼苗的PAL酶活性并对水稻幼苗有促生作用。稗稻共生条件下,塔宾曲霉和粘红酵母发酵稀释液对水稻均有促生效应。本研究可为化感水稻内生真菌进一步应用于水稻生产实践提供有益指导。     

The effect of plant mycotrophy and soil disturbance on soil microbial activity

In cropping systems, the choices adopted for the tillage system used and plants cultivated can strongly influence the soil microbial population and its functional profile. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are an important component of soil microbiome and their mutualistic symbiosis with the majority of higher plants grant the latter a wide range of benefits. The extraradical mycelium developed by these fungi expands the volume of soil influenced and harbours a diversity of microbes establishing a distinct environment of complementary interactions. We assessed how growing plants with different levels of mycotrophy modifies the biological activity profile in the soil under Mn toxicity and whether this is modified by soil disturbance. Following mycotrophic plants, soil contained a more active microbiome than after the non-mycotrophic plants, as expressed by higher values of soil basal respiration or dehydrogenase activity. Additionally, the count of phosphorus solubilizes and activity of phosphatase were greater after mycotrophic plants. Even among mycotrophic plants, different profiles of biological activity can be distinguished after growing a legume or grass. ERM disruption by soil disturbance decreased most of the parameters studied and for phosphatase activity and P solubilizers in a more significant way. These results indicate that even under Mn toxicity, the microbiome associated with AMF symbiosis following mycotrophic plants growth presented a higher biological activity and had a differential biological response towards the stress imposed by soil disturbance, when compared with the microbiome associated with non-mycotrophic roots.     

In vitro antifungal activity of extracts of Mexican Chihuahuan Desert plants against postharvest fruit fungi

Chemical fungicides have been intensively used in the control of diseases in fruits in postharvest conditions; nevertheless these actions have developed resistance in the phytopathogens, have contaminated the atmosphere, and have affected people's health through residual toxic compounds present in the food for human consumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro inhibiting activity of extracts of Lippia graveolens Kunth, Agave lechuguilla Torr. Yucca carnerosana (Trel.) Mc Kelvey and Yucca filifera Chaub., against Rhizopus stolonifer, Colletotricum gloesporoides and Penicillium digitatum the postharvest fungi that causes diseases in fruits of commercial interest. The plants were collected in the neighborhood of the cities of Saltillo and Torreon in the Southern Region of the State of Coahuila in the semi-arid zones of the North of Mexico. The extracts of the plants were obtained with ethanol and hexane as solvents, and the resin was separated of solvent in a rotary evaporator. The fungi were isolated of apple, mango and orange fruits and were then seeded in Potato-Dextrose-Agar medium; the bioassays were inoculated with fungi and developed in Petri dishes. The evaluated variables were: Inhibition of mycelial growth, and Inhibition of the number of spores. For the analysis of the information a completely randomized experimental design in factorial arrangement was used. The results showed that the ethanolic extracts of L. graveolens at 500 μl L⁻¹ presented a fungicide effect of 100% against R. stolonifer, Y. filifera at 4000 μl L⁻¹ inhibited 100% the pathogen. The hexanic extracts of L. graveolens presented an inhibition of 100% at 500 μl L⁻¹. A. lechuguilla inhibited the pathogen in 100% at 3000 μl L⁻¹. The extract of L. graveolens, A. lechugilla, Y. carnerosana and Y. filifera showed its inhibiting activity in different percentages against the development of R. stolonifer, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and P. digitatum. This is the first scientific report that shows anti-fungal activity of ethanolic and hexanic extracts of L. graveolens, A. lechuguilla, Y. carnerosana, and Y. filifera against R. stolonifer, C. gloesporoides, and P. digitatum.     

体内驱除厌氧真菌对绵羊瘤胃微生物种群及发酵参数的影响

选用6只体况良好、体重35 kg左右,年龄1.5岁左右的蒙古绵羊,研究体内驱除厌氧真菌对瘤胃微生物和发酵参数的影响.结果表明,驱除真菌导致绵羊瘤胃细菌总数和纤维分解细菌数量显著升高(P<0.05),毛口目原虫数量和原虫总数也明显增加(P<0.05),而内毛目原虫的数量没有变化.瘤胃内羧甲基纤维素酶的活力随厌氧真菌的消失而显著降低(P<0.05),但滤纸酶、木聚糖酶和果胶酶的活力并不受影响.驱除厌氧真菌后,瘤胃pH值和NH3-N浓度没有显著的变化(P>0.05);乙酸、丁酸和TVFA的浓度均出现下降,其中,乙酸浓度降低极为显著(P<0.01),其余两者表现为显著降低(P<0.05);丙酸浓度并没有受到驱除真菌的影响(P>0.05).对乙酸与丙酸摩尔比例的比较显示,驱除厌氧真菌显著降低了乙酸/丙酸的值(P<0.05),说明驱除厌氧真菌改变了瘤胃内的发酵模式,使之更趋向于乙酸减少的方向进行.