黄瓜种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

采用离体平皿法对10个品种的黄瓜种子进行带菌检测,并测定5种杀菌剂和1种种衣剂对种子的消毒处理效果。结果表明,种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉属(Pen icilliumspp.)、根霉属(Rhizopusspp.)、曲霉属(Aspergillusspp.)、枝孢属(C ladosporiumspp.)、交链孢属(Alternariaspp.)和镰孢霉属(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为根霉属、曲霉属、枝孢属和镰孢霉属;不同品种的种子表面携带真菌种类差异较大,而种子内部寄藏的真菌种类差异不明显;种壳带菌率一般高于种仁带菌率。15%噁.霜.福悬浮种衣剂、适乐时和福美双对种子的消毒效果优于甲霜灵、多菌灵、噁霉灵等供试药剂。     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to root diseases in cool season food legumes

Summary Soil-borne fungal diseases are among the most important factors, limiting the yield of grain legumes in many countries worldwide. Root rot, caused by Aphanomyces euteiches, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium solani and wilt, caused by several formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum are the most destructive soil-borne diseases of pea, chickpea, lentil, fababean and lupin. The most effective control of these diseases is achieved through the use of resistant varieties. In this paper, recent advances in conventional and innovative screening methods for disease resistance are presented. Many grain legume accessions, which are maintained in national and international germplasm collections, have been evaluated for disease resistance and numerous resistant varieties have been released following incorporation of identified resistance genes from these sources. Recent identification of molecular markers tightly linked to resistance genes has greatly enhanced breeding programs by making marker assisted selection (MAS) possible and allowing the development of varieties with multiple disease resistance. Progress in the understanding of the biology of soil-borne fungal pathogens of grain legumes is also reviewed with particular reference to the genetic structure of their populations, diagnosis and host–pathogen interaction.     

淡紫拟青霉PL050705菌株的根际定殖及对根际真菌群落结构影响

室内平板法测定了生防菌淡紫拟青霉（Paecilomyces lilacinus）PL050705菌株对柑橘慢衰病株根际主要真菌的拮抗能力,PL050705菌株对测试真菌均具有强的拮抗能力。田间试验的清水对照（ck）、PL050705+虾壳粉（p+p）、PL050705（p）、灭线磷（e）4个处理组中,p+p、p的处理组PL050705在柑橘根系周年均以保持高定殖量;p+p处理组PL050705菌株的B-P优势度指数周年保持较稳定高水平（0.444～0.526）, p处理组PL050705菌株的B-P优势度指数周年呈下降状态（0.590～0.256）;根际土壤真菌多样性指数(Shannon-Wienner指数)分别是p+p>p>ck>e。实验表明PL050705菌株具有良好拮抗与根际定殖能力,特别是与虾壳粉混合施用情况下,能周年保持种群优势度,并提高土壤真菌种群多样性。     

种植模式与土壤管理制度对作物连作障碍的影响

连作障碍已经成为我国现阶段农业可持续发展的一个凾待解决的问题。本文从分析连作障碍产生的原因与造成的危害入手,比较全面系统的阐述了种植模式与土壤管理制度对作物连作障碍影响的特点,探讨了克服连作障碍的可能途径。认为推行多种作物混合种植结构、采用轮作与间作并举的复合种植模式、建立以菌根真菌接种为主导的土壤与种苗管理新制度是当前和今后解决连作障碍的主要方法。     

艾纳香内生真菌抗细菌和炭疽菌的活性研究

为获得丰富的艾纳香内生真菌资源,筛选出抗性生防菌株,用于活性次生代谢产物的发现,通过水琼脂法对海南产艾纳香进行内生真菌分离,通过ITS序列分析,对其进行鉴定和分析.采用滤纸片法评价内生真菌发酵产物对细菌的抑制活性,采用平板对峙培养法评价艾纳香内生真菌对植物炭疽菌的拮抗作用.本研究共分离鉴定出191株内生真菌,分属于27...     

壳聚糖对白色念珠菌的抑菌研究

对壳聚糖抑制白色念珠菌活性进行研究,考察壳聚糖对真菌中白色念珠菌活性的主要影响因素(不同壳聚糖浓度、pH值、金属离子、醋酸浓度),对其进行正交试验,确定壳聚糖对白色念珠菌抑菌活性的最优条件。结果表明,最佳抑菌条件为:A1B3C1,即壳聚糖质量分数为0.05%,pH值4,醋酸体积分数为1.5%。抑菌活性的影响程度为:壳聚糖浓度>醋酸浓度>pH值。     

粮食作物AM真菌研究进展

综述了近年来粮食作物根际AM真菌多样性研究进展,包括粮食作物根际AM真菌资源及种类,AM真菌对粮食作物的侵染及影响因素;以及AM真菌对粮食作物生长发育、矿质营养吸收、植物抗逆性和抗病性等方面影响的研究现状;并展望了粮食作物AM真菌的应用前景。     

5种瑞香科植提取物对7种植物病原真菌的抑菌活性测定

本研究旨在寻找出与瑞香狼毒同科的瑞香科植株是否有潜力成为防治病原真菌的植物资源,为筛选及制备有效且安全的植物源农药打开新思路。以5种试验材料作为瑞香科植物的代表,利用其乙醇提取物对番茄枯萎、黄瓜靶斑等7种病原真菌进行毒力测定。结果显示,瑞香狼毒与梦花在所有提取物中表现最佳,尤其是针对各种枯萎病病原菌,在较高浓度下的抑菌率都接近100%。而祖师麻提取物对黄瓜靶斑以及草莓红中柱的抑制效果在所有的提取物中表现最佳,其EC₅₀值分别为0.925、0.920 mg/mL。南岭荛花在5种瑞香科植物提取物中表现最差,但对番茄枯萎和黄瓜炭疽病原菌的抑制效果良好,EC₅₀值均小于1.1 mg/mL。研究表明,5种瑞香科植物提取物对病原真菌普遍有良好的抑菌活性,瑞香科植物可作为新型植物源农药的筛选靶标。     

The nematode-trapping fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora in soilof the Bodega marine reserve: distribution and dependenceon nematode-parasitized moth larvae

Of the 13 nematode-trapping fungi previously detected at the Bodega Marine Reserve (BMR, Sonoma County, CA, USA), Arthrobotrys oligospora is by far the most abundant. Why A. oligospora is so abundant is unclear, but the answer may involve bush lupines (Lupinus arboreus), ghost moth larvae (Hepialus californicus), and insect-parasitic nematodes (Heterorhabditis marelatus). Previous research documented a dramatic increase of A. oligospora in BMR soil with the addition of an H. marelatus-parasitized moth larva. The current study tested two predictions based on the hypothesis that the H. marelatus-parasitized ghost moth larva is a unique and important resource for A. oligospora at BMR. First, because ghost moth larvae are concentrated in soil under bush lupines, we predicted that A. oligospora numbers would be greater under lupines than away from lupines. Second, we predicted that A. oligospora would be enhanced more by moth larvae containing living H. marelatus than by moth larvae containing dead H. marelatus or no H. marelatus or by nematodes alone. The first prediction was supported by data from a field study (A. oligospora population density was greater beneath lupines than in grasses 2 m away), but the difference was small. The second prediction was not supported by data from a laboratory experiment (dead moth larvae caused dramatic increases in A. oligospora numbers whether or not the dead moth larvae contained living nematodes). While H. marelatus are clearly unnecessary for the large increase in A. oligospora numbers, the importance of nematodes in general remains unclear because addition of dead moth larvae always resulted in large increases in bacterivorous nematodes and because addition of nematodes alone enhanced A. oligospora in one trial but not in two others.     

7种防霉剂对烟仓霉变微生物的抑制作用及防霉效果的初步研究

测定了纳他霉素制剂等7种防霉剂对溜曲霉等10种引起广西仓储烟叶霉变的主要微生物的抑制作用,选出4种防霉剂进行了烟叶防霉试验。结果表明,在烟叶含水量为18%时,纳他霉素制剂2 000 m g/kg、富马酸二甲酯2 000 m g/kg和山梨酸钾2 000 m g/kg能有效抑制霉菌的生长繁殖,防止烟叶发霉。但在烟叶含水量为25%和35%时,防霉剂的防霉效果并不理想,这表明防霉剂的使用可以作为烟叶防霉的一种辅助手段。