Quantitative trait loci mapping for yield-related traits under low and high planting densities in maize (Zea mays)

Average maize yield per hectare has increased significantly because of the improvement in high-density tolerance, but little attention has been paid to the genetic mechanism of grain yield response to high planting density. Here, we used a population of 301 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross YE478 × 08–641 to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for 16 yield-related traits under two planting densities (57,000 and 114,000 plants per ha) across four environments. These yield-related traits responded differently to high-density stress. A total of 110 QTLs were observed for these traits: 33 QTLs only under low planting density, 50 QTLs under high planting density and 27 QTLs across both densities. Only two major QTLs, qCD6 and qWKEL2-2, were identified across low- and high-density treatments. Seven environmentally stable QTLs were also observed containing qED6, qWKEL3, qRN3-3, qRN7-2, qRN9-2 and qRN10 across both densities, as well as qRN9-1 under low density. In addition, 16 and eight pairs of loci with epistasis interaction (EPI) were detected under low and high planting densities, respectively. Additionally, nine and 17 loci showed QTL × environment interaction (QEI) under low- and high-density conditions, respectively. These interactions are of lesser importance than the main QTL effects. We also observed 26 pleiotropic QTL clusters, and the hotspot region 3.08 concentrated nine QTLs, suggesting its great importance for maize yield. These findings suggested that multiple minor QTLs, loci with EPI and QEI, pleiotropy and the complex network of “crosstalk” among them for yield-related traits were greatly influenced by plant density, which increases our understanding of the genetic mechanism of yield-related traits for high-density tolerance.     

Genetic variation of seedling traits responded to brassinosteroid and gibberellin inhibitors in maize (Zea mays) doubled haploid lines

The purpose of this study was to examine the genotypic variation in maize doubled haploid (DH) lines response to brassinosteroid and gibberellin inhibitors. Plant responses to hormone inhibitors were determined in growth chamber experiments using germination paper for three different seedling treatments: application of propiconazole (Pcz), uniconazole (Ucz) or water (control). Mesocotyl length (ML) was more sensitive to hormone inhibitors, especially to the Ucz treatment, than other seedling traits. ML was significantly correlated with other traits in the Ucz treatment. All the seedling traits showed moderate-to-high broad sense heritability values, ranging from 0.39 to 0.82. The Euclidian genetic distances of inbred line pairs ranged from 1.27 to 19.94, indicating there was a high level of variability across the maize DH lines used in this study. DH lines with extreme MLs were identified, which can provide valuable breeding resources for improving abiotic stress tolerance, and for further genetic studies.     

宁夏地区大籽蒿精油成分分析及其抑菌性研究

为探究宁夏大籽蒿(Artemisia sieversiana Ehrhart ex Willd.)精油成分、抑菌功能及安全性,采用水蒸气蒸馏法进行精油提取,通过气相色谱-质谱连用法(GC-MS)进行成分分析,采用滤纸片法测定其对3种菌的抑菌圈直径,测定最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、最低杀菌浓度(MBC),并通过cck-8法检测大籽蒿精油对于2种皮肤细胞的毒性作用。结果表明,宁夏大籽蒿精油的主要成分为母菊薁(29.61%),樟脑(4.80%)、桉叶油醇(4.32%)、异木香酸甲酯(4.02%);精油对铜绿假单胞菌和大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度为0.0781 μg/mL,最低杀菌浓度为0.3125 μg/mL;金黄色葡萄球菌MIC为0.0195 μg/mL,MBC为0.078125 μg/mL;当精油浓度小于100 μg/mL时对角质细胞(HaCaT)和皮肤成纤维细胞(NHSF)均无毒性。综上,宁夏地区大籽蒿精油具有较强的抑菌活性且安全性较高,以上结果为宁夏大籽蒿精油开发提供理论依据,以期为当地脱贫致富提供科技支撑。     

成品油管道水击超前保护优化方案

成品油管道发生泵站意外停电事故后通常执行水击超前保护程序,该保护方案对管道的安全性有决定性影响。为了确保管道从事故前稳态安全平稳过渡到事故后较优的运行状态,需要制定最佳的水击超前保护方案。对成品油管道泵站意外停电水击工况进行分析,以水击事故发生后下一稳态时输量最大且各调节阀节流压力之和最小为目标,建立优化模型,相应的约束条件为全线不超压、不汽化。模型求解采取两种不同策略:事故站下游以各站出站压力最低为目标分别寻优,采用水力坡降线平移法求解;事故站上游以整体总节流最小寻优,为了提高求解速度,采用深度优先搜索法求解。以某成品油管道泵站意外停电事故工况为例,对该优化模型进行实例应用,并根据优化结果制定水击事故过渡过程的控制逻辑,并使用仿真软件SPS验证了控制逻辑的合理性,表明该优化模型合理可靠。     

复合式分离型热管在原油采出液余热回收中的应用

通过蒸汽辅助重力泄油(Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage,SAGD)技术开采稠油时,采出液温度较高,对其进行热回收的节能潜力较高,油田采用热管式换热器回收采出原油的余热,将其作为工业或生活用热具有研究价值。考虑到现场空间要求和工程设备模块化的特点,利用U形管壳式换热器、螺旋板式换热器作为分离型热虹吸热管蒸发段和冷凝段,并建立复合式分离型热管模型,分析其换热性能、循环压降、充液率及换热能力。采用新疆油田油水二次换热区的分离型热管系统验证该模型,结果表明:复合式分离型热管计算模型可行;复合式热管具备U形管壳式换热器、螺旋板式换热器的优点,换热性能强,系统换热能力可以满足实际要求,有较好的环境适应性。     

陆上输油管道溢油扩散规律及泄漏后果研究进展

输油管道一旦泄漏不但会造成直接经济损失,而且将对周围环境、沿线居民带来不利影响,掌握泄漏油品在周围环境中的渗流、地表扩散以及蒸发情况,对于开展管道应急处理和泄漏后果评价至关重要。结合陆上输油管道泄漏事故特点,从事故条件下的泄漏量、泄漏油品的流动扩散规律以及泄漏后果等方面入手,对成品油管道泄漏油品研究成果进行了归纳总结,同时为进一步研究泄漏油品在周围环境的扩散过程,预估泄漏后果并制定合理的应急处理方案提出了建议。     

关于中国智慧管道发展的认识与思考

智慧管道是覆盖油气长输管道全生命周期的综合管理系统,是SCADA系统、电子管道、数字管道、智能管道在物联网、云计算、人工智能时代的延续和发展。剖析了油气管道行业智慧管道的内涵与外延,梳理了智慧管道技术发展的历史脉络,揭示了数字孪生体技术的实质与应用现状,在此基础上,建议中国智慧管道建设宜坚持需求驱动、问题导向、突出重点、体现特色、开放融合、数据共享、滚动发展、持续改进的原则,以期为中国智慧管道的健康持续发展提供参考。     

油棕叶梗重组方材制备工艺

以油棕叶梗为原材料、酚醛树脂为胶黏剂,采用正交试验方法研究重组方材密度、施胶量、热压时间和热压温度对油棕叶梗重组方材力学性能的影响。结果表明,密度对油棕叶梗重组方材性能的影响较大,密度和施胶量越大,重组方材力学性能越好;热压温度和热压时间对油棕叶梗重组方材性能的影响比较复杂。综合考虑确定油棕叶梗重组方材的较优制备工艺条件为:密度0.7 g/cm³,施胶量12%,热压温度180℃,热压时间40 min;较优工艺条件下油棕叶梗重组方材的弹性模量为7 185 MPa,静曲强度为68.7 MPa,顺纹抗压强度为35 MPa,内结合强度为0.21 MPa。密度为0.7 g/cm³的油棕叶梗重组方材的弹性模量、静曲强度、顺纹抗压强度高于了杉木的性能。     

不同海拔生态区移栽唐古特大黄株系性状表现

为探究唐古特大黄移栽到不同海拔区域后的性状表现,确定合理的种植海拔,同时对唐古特大黄进行品种选优的初期筛选。选用唐古特大黄10个株系温室育苗移栽到青海5个不同海拔生态区进行适应性研究,利用灰色关联分析法确定10个株系植株的综合表现排名。结果表明,海拔对移栽第1年的株高、叶片数、最大叶叶长、最大叶叶宽、最大叶叶柄长、产生叶裂程度、最大叶叶裂长、最大叶叶裂宽、根茎长、根茎数、根茎粗、根茎鲜质量、根茎鲜质量产量有极显著影响（P＜0.01）,表现为随海拔升高各项指标极显著降低;10个株系中较优株系为L2、L9、L1、L5和L10,其次为L3、L6和L8,而L4和L7表现最差。综上所述,海拔影响栽培唐古特大黄的性状表现,在2 016～3 763 m内,海拔越高,植株性状表现越差;较优株系L1、L2、L5、L9、L10可作为品种选育进一步研究材料。     

太阳能暗管排水对银北灌区油葵土壤环境及产量影响

针对土壤盐渍化严重影响了宁夏银北灌区土壤环境和作物产量的问题,通过太阳能暗管排水区和非暗管排水区对比试验方法,着重研究了2017和2018两年太阳能暗管长时间持续排水对土壤环境和油葵产量的影响。结果表明:太阳能暗管排水可以有效改善土壤环境,使两年的地下水平均埋深分别增加4.5%和6.4%,地下水平均矿化度分别降低7.9%和9.0%,两年土壤平均脱盐率分别为4.7%和8.2%,对表层土壤的脱盐效果最为明显。同时提高了油葵产量和水分生产效率,两年油葵产量分别提高13.8%和21.6%,灌溉水分生产效率分别增加13.3%和21.8%,作物水分生产效率分别增加16.4%和22.9%。综合试验结果和经济成本考虑,油葵生育期灌水2次、播前灌水1次、冬灌1次,生育期5-9月持续排水,这是适宜惠农当地太阳能暗管排水条件下油葵的灌排制度。