The Situation for Quinoa and Its Production in Southern Bolivia: From Economic Success to Environmental Disaster

In Bolivia, one of the world’s most important centres of plant domestication, there is growing awareness of the value of native Andean crops, both for domestic consumption and for market sale – notably the virtually boom‐like consumer demand for quinoa around the world. The southern altiplano of Bolivia, south of Oruro, relies almost purely on the production of quinoa and breeding of llamas, which have also been selected as the two commodities of priority to the government to increase the income of the country. Presently, however, quinoa is facing increasing problems in production, owing to its increasing export market and price. The flat areas around the salt desert of the southern altiplano, previously characterized by natural vegetation fed by the llamas, are being increasingly sown with quinoa, hence transformed into deserts, because intensive cultivation methods make the soil loose its fertility. Possible solutions to these problems will require extensive efforts in the south, in addition to various strategies, which also include other parts of the Bolivian altiplano and a strengthened focus on other Andean crops.     

12份燕麦品种在阿鲁科尔沁旗地区的生产性能研究

【目的】筛选适宜内蒙阿鲁科尔沁旗地区种植的燕麦品种。【方法】对12份燕麦(Avena sativa)品种的生育期、草产量、茎叶比、营养特性等进行测定和分析,并运用灰色关联度分析法对各品种的生产性能进行综合评价。【结果】12份供试燕麦品种均能在阿鲁科尔沁旗地区完成整个生育期,表现出较好的适应性,生育期为83～94 d,其中枪手的生育期最短(83 d),爱沃的生育期最长(94 d)。贝勒二代和牧王的株高均达到100 cm以上。枪手、贝勒二代和牧王的干草产量较高,分别为9.99,8.69和8.59 t/hm~2。贝勒二代的茎叶比最低(1.12),适口性最好;美达的茎叶比最高(3.19)。爱沃和贝勒二代的粗蛋白含量(质量分数)较高,分别为12.20%和11.90%;太阳神、贝勒二代和领袖的中性洗涤纤维及酸性洗涤纤维含量较低,领袖和贝勒二代的相对饲喂价值较高。灰色关联度分析表明,综合评价排在前2位的燕麦品种为贝勒二代和牧王,其加权关联度分别为0.838 2和0.799 1。【结论】燕麦品种贝勒二代和牧王综合表现最好,适宜在阿鲁科尔沁旗地区推广种植。     

海水中规模化培养西藏拟溞的技术优化研究

为了给北方海水鱼虾蟹类育苗增添一种新的生物活饵料,利用循环水培养装置研究了西藏拟溞Daphniopsis tibetana Sars在稀释海水(盐度为18~20)中规模化培养的技术工艺参数,即起始放养密度、充纯氧和日采收率。结果表明:起始放养密度对西藏拟溞种群增长和日产量影响显著(P0.05),不同起始放养密度(200、550、900、1250 ind./L)培养试验中,放养密度为1250ind./L时,培养第33天时种群密度达最高,为(9500±550.73)ind./L,平均日产量为(125.00±8.35)g/(m3·d);充纯氧与充空气相比较,充纯氧能显著提高种群密度和日产量(P0.05),当放养密度为1250 ind./L、充纯氧时,西藏拟溞种群密度最高达(11 600±560.45)ind./L,平均日产量为(156.82±8.49)g/(m3·d);日采收率对西藏拟溞的种群增长和日产量也有显著影响(P0.05),日采收率为20%时最佳,放养密度为1250ind./L、日采收率为20%时,西藏拟溞种群密度最高为(12 900±995.04)ind./L,平均日产量为(176.52±15.08)g/(m3·d)。     

浅谈林业生产中的造林及抚育技术

在林业生产的过程中,采用正确、合理的造林技术和抚育技术,能够提高造林成活率,确保林木健康生长,并在短时间内构建完善的林分结构。而科学的抚育管理,又能进一步挖掘林业发展潜力,提升林地质量和产量,为林业发展创造更多的空间。同时做好造林和森林抚育工作,能够有效地促进林业科学发展,更好地应对全球气候变化的挑战。     

木工平刨床安全事故浅析

以木工平刨伤手为顶上事件,利用事故树法进行评价,提出有针对性的预防措施,对安全生产可起到积极的作用。     

通用小型汽油机游车故障的一种非常规排除方法

分析了通用小型汽油机游车的原因，提出了一种较为经济的游车故障排除方法。     

产甲壳素酶菌株的筛选与诱变

以胶体甲壳素作为惟一碳源,从自然界微生物中筛选并诱导到一株产甲壳素酶活性较高的菌株,经16S r DNA鉴定为Aeromonas sp.。并以该菌株作为出发菌株,经过一次紫外诱变,酶活是初筛菌株的1.48倍。再经过二次紫外诱变或者紫外-Li Cl复合诱变,酶活分别是初筛菌株的3.16和3.87倍,最高酶活达到3.48 U/m L。最后通过连续传代培养,确定了菌株HMX-16经过紫外和复合诱变后突变性状稳定性良好。     

不同产量潜力甘薯光合产物的生产、运转与块根产量的关系

选取中国主栽的食用型甘薯品种龙薯9号、红香蕉、泰中6号、苏薯8号、遗字138和北京553进行大田试验,研究不同产量潜力甘薯品种光合产物的生产、运转及其与块根产量的关系。结果表明,高产品种整个生育期干物质积累快,光合产物向块根输送多,同化物在块根中的分配率较高,而且高产品种的标记叶合成的光合产物能够较多地运出。因此,叶片光合作用形成的光合产物能够及时地往外运输,是高产甘薯品种高产的重要保证。高产品种具有较高的经济系数。     

Dense planting with less basal nitrogen fertilization might benefit rice cropping for high yield with less environmental impacts

Dense planting and less basal nitrogen (N) fertilization have been recommended to further increase rice (Oryza sativa L.) grain yield and N use efficiency (NUE), respectively. The objective of this study was to evaluate the integrative impacts of dense planting with reduced basal N application (DR) on rice yield, NUE and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Field experiments with one conventional sparse planting (CK) and four treatments of dense planting (increased seedlings per hill) with less basal N application were conducted in northeast China from 2012 to 2013. In addition, a two-factor experiment was conducted to isolate the effect of planting density and basal N rate on CH₄ emission in 2013. Our results show that an increase in planting density by about 50% with a correspondingly reduction in basal N rate by about 30% (DR1 and DR2) enhanced NUE by 14.3–50.6% and rice grain yield by 0.5–7.4% over CK. Meanwhile, DR1 and DR2 reduced GWP by 6.4–12.6% and yield-scaled GWP by 7.0–17.0% over CK. According to the two-factor experiment, soil CH₄ production and oxidation and CH₄ emission were not affected by planting density. However, reduced basal N rate decreased CH₄ emission due to it significantly reduced soil CH₄ production with a smaller reduction in soil CH₄ oxidation. The above results indicate that moderate dense planting with less basal N application might be an environment friendly mode for rice cropping for high yield and NUE with less GHG emissions.     

港口原油装船VOCs大气环境影响探讨

收集了原油装船VOCs的估算方法，认为原油装船时VOCs排放量为0.012％，VOCs浓度为0.1kg／m3。采用SCREEN3对其环境影响进行分了析，结果表明：下风向最大浓度出现在400m 处，浓度值7.99mg／m3，直到2700m处，浓度值才小于1mg／m3，直到10000m处，浓度值仍为0.14mg／m3，原油装船VOCs的大气环境影响较大。