Balanced nutrient density for broiler chickens using a range of digestible lysine-to-metabolizable energy ratios and nutrient density:Growth performance,nutrient utilisation and apparent metabolizable energy

Currently, specific nutrient concentration, metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible amino acids are used as feed formulation criteria. A balanced nutrient density (BND) concept based on 2 criteria of nutrient density and balanced amino acids-to-ME ratio may offer more flexibility in optimisation of profit in formulation of diets compared with current formulation based on set values per unit of feed mass. A total of 672 one-d-old off-sex male Ross 308 broiler chickens were used across two 42-d performance trials in a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with each diet replicated 8 times (14 birds per replicate). The experimental factors were 2 nutrient density levels (low [LD] and high [HD]) and 3 digestible lysine-to-ME ratios (DLYS:ME; low, medium, and high). Low density diets had ME of 2,876 and 3,023 kcal/kg for starter and finisher, respectively, while values for HD diets were 3,169 and 3,315 kcal/kg with proportionally higher non-nitrogenated nutrients. Separate digestibility and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) assays were conducted at d 21 and 42. Digestibility assays at d 7 were conducted on birds used for performance trials. Regardless of the diet density, birds fed low DLYS:ME had a lower (P < 0.01) feed intake (d 0 to 42) than medium and high DLYS:ME. Without interaction, birds fed low and medium DLYS:ME had a similar body weight gain being the heaviest while birds low DLYS:ME were the lightest. By an interaction (P < 0.05), the highest overall FCR value was observed for birds fed LD × low DLYS:ME and improved linearly when DLYS:ME increased to the highest level reaching a limit for birds fed HD × medium DLYS:ME. Calorie conversion linearly decreased (P < 0.001) with increments in DLYS:ME. Jejunal and ileal starch and protein digestibility were affected on d 21 and 42 but not on d 7 of age. Given the independence of response on BW and feed consumption, the use of BND as a flexible system in diet formulations has the potential to enable more accurate formulation for optimisation of growth performance of broiler chickens.     

Energy expenditure for chewing in sheep fed timothy or sudangrass hay at the same intake level

In order to investigate the energy expended in chewing during eating and rumination in sheep fed timothy or sudangrass hay at the same intake level, the energy expenditure of the head was measured using the arterial-venous difference technique and that of the whole body was measured using an open-circuit, indirect respiration calorimeter. There was no difference in the per-chew energy expenditure between timothy hay and sudangrass hay during eating and rumination, but for both types of hay there was a difference in energy expenditure between eating (0.25 J per chew per kilogram body weight) and rumination (0.18 J per chew per kilogram body weight). There was no effect of time period after feeding on the energy expended in one chew during eating and rumination. On average, for a given type of hay, the energy expended in chewing during eating + rumination accounted for 4.9% of the daily energy expenditure of the whole body.     

饲粮粗蛋白质、能量水平对3岁梅花公鹿鹿茸生长和体增重的影响

为探讨 3岁梅花鹿生茸期饲粮适宜营养水平 ,本研究采用 2 (CP∶2 1%和 19% )× 2 (GE∶16 74MJ/kg和 15 90MJ/kg)二因子交叉设计 ,选用 3岁 (二锯 )梅花公鹿 6 7头 ,分为 4个试验组 ,进行了饲养试验和消化试验。试验结果表明 ,饲粮蛋白质水平对鹿体增重有显著影响 (P <0 0 5 ) ,在本试验所设能量浓度范围内 ,饲粮蛋白质水平为 19%处理组鹿体增重显著高于 2 1%蛋白组 ;鹿茸产量组间差异不显著 (P >0 0 5 ) ;饲粮粗蛋白质水平对蛋白质消化率和能量消化率均有显著影响 (P <0 0 5 ) ;3岁梅花鹿生茸期饲粮中能量、蛋白质适宜水平分别为 15 9～ 16 7MJ/kg (GE)和 19% (CP) ;平均每头鹿每天对消化能和可消化蛋白质的需要量分别为 2 9 9～ 31 3MJ和 388～ 394 g。     

完善我国可再生能源法律制度的几点建议

可再生能源是未来能源的基石,大力开发和利用可再生能源成为能源战略的必然选择。2009年我国通过修改法律确立了现行的五项法律制度,但是该制度目前仍存在:总量目标未以立法形式明确、并网技术标准缺乏、分类电价制度与费用补偿制度的立法前瞻性不足等问题,因此,在借鉴国外可再生能源运作成熟的相关法律制度基础上,"对症下药",提出切实可行的具体完善建议。     

不同能量摄入水平对围产期奶牛生产性能及血浆瘦素浓度影响的研究

将健康的围产期奶牛30头随机分为3组, 每组10头。其中Ⅱ组为对照组, Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组分别为试验组。Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组均于产前28d开始分别饲喂NRC标准减少20%日粮(能量摄入80%组)、NRC标准日粮(能量摄入100%组)、NRC标准增加20%日粮(能量摄入120%组), 产后各组奶牛均饲喂标准日粮, 至产后56d结束。观察妊娠后期奶牛不同能量水平对干物质摄入量、产奶量、乳成分及体重等生产性能和血浆瘦素浓度的影响。试验结果表明: 奶牛产后干物质摄入量、产奶量、乳中蛋白质、乳脂率和非固体物质为Ⅰ组高于Ⅱ组、Ⅱ组又高于Ⅲ组(P>0 05 ); 同时血浆瘦素浓度为Ⅰ组高于Ⅱ组、Ⅱ组又高于Ⅲ组, 经统计分析组间差异极显著(P<0 01) 或差异显著(P<0 05); 但产前28~14d瘦素浓度组间差异均不显著(P>0 05 ), 此后Ⅰ组和Ⅲ组差异显著(P<0 05 )。此外, Ⅰ组体重消耗最小, Ⅲ组体重消耗最大, 各组间差异极显著(P<0 01)。可见, 围产期健康奶牛不同能量水平与干物质摄入量、产奶量、乳成分、体重等生产性能及血浆瘦素浓度之间存在着密切的关系。     

补光和寡糖添加处理对罗汉松苗木生长的影响

以罗汉松当年生实生苗为对象,通过人工补光延长每天育苗的光照时间,施肥时添加寡糖处理,翌年在控制条件下对越冬苗木进行模拟倒春寒处理,取样调查苗木春季生长和干物质。结果表明,添加寡糖处理对苗高、地径和新生根系数量无影响。添加寡糖、延长光照处理地径和当年生叶长分别提高17%和79%,补光对促进苗高的生长和新生根数量的增加具显著影响;延长光照和添加寡糖对地上部和地下根系的干物质积累均有显著促进,补光并添加寡糖处理的茎干干物质较少,根系干物质较大;添加寡糖、延长光照处理的苗木质量提高。     

基于轮缸PV特性的电磁阀线性增压控制

电磁阀线性增压控制精度与电磁阀控制特性和轮缸PV特性有关,影响到制动能量回收系统中液压控制的响应精确性。本文提出了基于轮缸PV特性的电磁阀线性增压控制方法。分析了电磁阀的工作机理,并给出了电磁阀控制精度需求。通过对电磁阀控制机理分析,指出电磁阀线性控制具有一定的线性控制范围,且可通过增加线圈电流实现;通过对轮缸PV特性分析,指出轮缸具有低压非线性区和高压近线性区。试验分析不同电流变化率下的轮缸压力变化率特点,分别得到轮缸低压非线性区和高压近线性区内的线性增压控制算法。运用d SPACE平台搭建硬件在环试验台架,进行了不同增压速率下轮缸实际压力跟随目标压力的试验,结果表明本文提出的线性增压控制算法可以满足电磁阀控制精度需求,丰富了线性增压控制理论。     

多效唑对几种果园双子叶杂草种子发芽的抑制作用

在生长箱中25±1℃恒温、光暗周期12／12h的条件下,研究了多效唑对裂叶牵牛Pharbitis nil（L.）Choisy,圆叶牵牛Pharbitis purpurea（L．）Voigt,苦苣幕Sonchu oleraceus L．、小藜 Chenopodium serotinum L,白苋Amaranthus albus L．等5种双子叶果固有害杂草种子萌发的影响。结果表明：在一定浓度范围内。随着多效唑浓度的增加上述5种杂草种子的发芽率和发芽势均显著或极显著降低,胚根、胚芽的伸长也受到了显著抑制。种子发芽及胚根、胚芽伸长对多效唑反应的敏感程度因杂草种类而异：白苋为极敏感型,5mg／L的多效唑处理极显著地降低了胚根胚芽长度。10mg／L的处理极显著地降低了发芽率和发芽势,15mg／L的处理的种子发芽率和发芽势降至50％以下,35mg／L的处理完全抑制了其种子萌发;苦苣莱为敏感型,25mg／L的处理极显著地降低了发芽率,100mg／L的处理的种子发芽率降至50％以下;小藜、圆叶牵牛和裂叶牵牛为不敏感型,200ms／L、150mg／L和200mg／L处理极显著降低发芽率,400mg／L浓度以上处理的小黎种子发芽率降至50％以下,圆叶牵牛种子在200。350mg/L．裂叶牵牛种子在200-500mg／L的多效唑浸渍中仍有90％左右的发芽率。     

不同平茬周期柠条的燃烧特性及热值

柠条是西北地区水土保持,防风固沙造林中的重要灌木树种,可作为生物质燃料使用,但随林龄增加出现生长衰退,效益下降等问题。利用平茬技术可以提高柠条利用率,该文以宁夏盐池平茬1～5 a生柠条为研究对象,对其生长指标、工业分析、硫含量、热值和热重进行了分析。结果表明：1）经平茬后的柠条生长指标每年递增,但3 a以后增幅不大,选定平茬期为3 a的柠条株高、地径和分支数分别比6 a老龄林提高了16.67%、11.54%和160.00%,表明平茬技术有利于柠条生长。2）通过热值分析对1～5 a生柠条进行了比较,发现3～5 a生柠条发热量较好,但三者相差不多;考察了不同月份收割柠条的影响因素,研究表明10－12月柠条各项指标处于最优值。3）比较了柠条和煤的硫含量,分析表明柠条硫含量是烟煤的1/12倍,柠条作为燃料会大大减少硫化物的排放。4）工业分析和热重分析表明,柠条和煤产生的灰分作相比,柠条产生的灰分是烟煤的1/9倍,可减少颗粒物的排放,有利于环境保护。5）采用一级反应动力学模型和积分法对生物质燃烧动力学参数的研究表明,柠条具有较低的活化能,有利于燃烧。综上所述,采用平茬期为3 a且每年10－12月生的柠条最适宜作为热电厂燃料。柠条作为发电燃料具有含硫量低,灰分少,对环境保护和减少可吸入颗粒物具有重要的意义。     

Computation Method and for Thermal Transmittance of Glass Curtain walls Appllcation

The heat conduction characteristic of glass curtain wall was investigated. Based on one dimensional steady heat conduction theory, the numerical calculation model of glass system thermal transmittance was set up by using insulating glass as an example. Based on two dimensional steady heat conduction theory and finite element method, both the thermal transfer matrix and temperature load array of 3 DOFs triangular element were derived. Then the revised formulas about the heat transfer matrix and temperature load array under the boundary conditions of constant heat flux, heat convective, radiation and coupled of them were also derived. Then the numerical calculation models of glass curtain wall frame and linear thermal transmittance were set up. The program TJCW based on the Visual C++ and ObjectARX was developed for calculating the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall and was validated by contrast with the results calculated by thermal software LBNL. Finally, TJCW program was used to calculate and check the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall in a practical project. The results indicate that the thermal transmittance of glass curtain wall can be calculated correctly by adopting the presented model, and the program based on this model can be used in energy conservation calculation and analysis in the actual projects.