Effect of oat decortication on chemical composition,in vitro digestibility and in situ degradability

The effect of decortication on chemical composition and degradability characteristics of four Danish oat varieties was investigated. Effective degradability (ED) and post-ruminal disappearance (PRD) were measured by in situ and mobile bag techniques respectively. Decorticated oat showed higher (p = .01) concentrations of crude protein (CP; 134 vs. 108 g/kg DM) and crude fat (71.6 vs. 53.1 g/kg DM) and a higher (p = .001) organic matter digestibility (OMD; 888 vs. 703 g/kg OM) than oat. The content of total fatty acids (FA) in DM was higher in decorticated oat. The proportion of linoleic acid (C18:2 n6) increased (p < .05) due to decortication, while the linolenic acid (C18:3 n3) proportion of total FA decreased in decorticated oat. Decortication increased (p = .01) the concentration of amino acids (AA), but the proportion of lysine in total AA decreased (p < .002). Effective degradability (ED) of both DM and CP was (p < .001) higher in decorticated oat. Decortication increased the total tract disappearance (TTD) and PRD of CP (p < .001). In conclusion, decortication can be used as a practical approach to increase the nutritional value of oat.     

青海东部农区高产优质燕麦品种筛选

为筛选出适宜青海东部农区种植的优质燕麦(Avena sativa)品种,以8个当地主栽燕麦品种为供试材料,对其农艺性状、产量和品质进行比较分析,并利用隶属函数法进行综合评价。结果表明,开花期8个燕麦品种的饲草产量及品质从高到低依次为青海444>青海甜燕麦>青燕1号>青引1号>加燕2号>白燕7号>青引2号>林纳,其中青海444饲草产量最高,达39091.29 kg·hm^-2,青海甜燕麦排名第2,且两者纤维含量低,适口性较好;青燕1号饲草产量、粗蛋白含量较高。因此收获饲草建议种植青海444、青海甜燕麦和青燕1号。成熟期8个燕麦品种的种子产量及饲草品质综合评价从高到低依次为白燕7号>青海甜燕麦>青燕1号>林纳>青海444>青引2号>加燕2号>青引1号,白燕7号粗蛋白含量(3.74%)最高,但白燕7号的种子产量(5528.01 kg·hm^-2)低于林纳(5888.69 kg·hm^-2),青燕1号种子产量较低,因此以种子高产为目的建议种植白燕7号、青海甜燕麦和林纳。     

拉萨18个引进燕麦品种主要农艺性状和营养成分的遗传多样性分析

为了解在拉萨地区引种的18个燕麦(Avena satica)品种的遗传多样性,对18个农艺性状指标进行了多样性指数分析、聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明:18个性状的遗传多样性指数范围在1.458~2.054,平均为1.87,遗传多样性丰富,同一性状间差异化大,各性状变异系数大,其中较高的是干草产量(52.354%)、旗叶长(51.946%)。聚类分析将18个燕麦品种分为4类,类群Ⅰ包括11个品种,属于高秆类群。类群Ⅱ包括1个品种,属于高干草产量类群。类型Ⅲ包括2个品种,属高营养、多籽粒型类群。类群Ⅳ包括4个品种,此类群在各个指标中均有较好的表现,是适宜在拉萨地区种植的燕麦品种。主成分分析共提取5个主成分,累计方差贡献率为79.592%,第一因子反映叶产量和种子产量,第二因子反映酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维,第三因子反映粗灰分,第四因子反映茎叶比和粗蛋白。第五因子反映株高。通过构建5个主成分为参数的综合评价模型,计算综合得分,可以筛选出贝勒Ⅱ、牧王、海威为适宜在拉萨地区种植的燕麦品种。     

YIELD AND MINERAL CONCENTRATIONS OF SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES OAT CULTIVARS USED FOR FORAGE

A shift in oat (Avena sativa L.) production from grain to forage (hay and grazing) is occurring in the southeastern USA. However, most available cultivars were developed for improved grain production, rather than forage yield. We field tested several standard and new oat releases over 2 years, using repeated clippings to determine forage yield, nutrient uptake, and the potential to match plant nutrients with cattle mineral dietary needs. There were no differences in total annual forage yield among the tested cultivars within years but there was a difference between years. Forage tissue phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) were sufficient, potassium (K), sulfur (S), and manganese (Mn) were excessive, and iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were occasionally or frequently deficient to meet daily cattle dietary mineral needs. Sulfur, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn may be the most challenging to regulate in U.S. Coastal Plain soils at concentrations that satisfy both, oat and cattle nutritional requirements.     

Fertilizer use efficiency of drought-stressed oat (Avena sativa L.) following soil amendment with a water-saving superabsorbent polymer

Abstract

In arid and semiarid regions of northern China, there is an increasing interest in using reduced rates of chemical fertilizer along with water-saving superabsorbent polymer for field crop production. Field experiments were conducted during the year 2009 and 2010 to study the growth performance and yield characteristics of forage oat (Avena sativa L.) as well as soil moisture and nutrient status of the experimental field under different fertilizer (standard, 300; medium, 225; and low, 150 kg ha^?1) treatments with (60 kg ha^?1) or without application of superabsorbent polymer. Our results show that above-ground biomass accumulation fell by 14.8% under medium and 32.6% under low fertilizer levels whereas application of superabsorbent polymer increased it significantly by 39.7%. Similarly plant height, tiller fertility rate, grain yield, relative water content in the leaves as well as quality of forage also increased for superabsorbent polymer treatment. Considering the trends of growth reduction (qualitative and quantitative) due to fertilizer reduction and progressive influence of superabsorbent polymer on those parameters, it was clear that application of superabsorbent polymer plus only half the conventional fertilizer rate (150 kg ha^?1) would be a more appropriate practice for forage oat production under arid and semiarid conditions of northern China or in areas with similar ecologies.     

Salinity Effects on Yield and Yield Components of Contrasting Naked Oat Genotypes

ABSTRACT

Global crop production systems are challenged by the increasing areas of saline soil in arid and semi-arid regions. Two naked oat (Avena sativa L.) lines (‘VAO-7’ and ‘VAO-24’) with distinct seedling tolerance to salinity were subjected to six levels of salt concentrations in a controlled greenhouse, and the response of yield and yield components to salinity stress was determined. The salt treatments 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) (corresponding to EC: 3.42, 6.74, 9.66, 12.40, 15.04 dS m^?1) imposed through modified Hoagland solution. Plain Hoagland was used as control. Complete nutrient elements were provided during the entire growth period. At maturity, the number of tillers with emerged heads was counted; the plant was then harvested and separated into shoots, seeds, and roots. Both plant height and days to maturity were shortened with increasing salt stress. Among the yield components, spikelet, tiller number, and grain dry weight per plant were significantly reduced by increasing salt concentration. Number of spikelets and grain weight per plant were the most salt-sensitive yield components. Thousand grain weight also varied as salinity stress increased. Harvest index remained relatively unchanged until the salinity reached 150 mM and higher. Our data indicate that grain yield reduction in oat due to salinity stress is associated with reduced number of grains per plant and mean grain weight.     

河北坝上地区雨养裸燕麦田间蒸散规律

依托大型称重式蒸渗仪在2018年和2019年裸燕麦生育期内进行田间蒸散量的测定,利用根区水质模型(RZWQM2)对田间蒸散量变化的动态过程进行了模拟,并分析了不同时间尺度下田间蒸散特征及其环境影响因素。结果表明:RZWQM2模型对裸燕麦生育期内田间蒸散量模拟结果较好,2018年和2019年绝对平均误差(MAE)分别为1.11 mm·d~(-1)和1.19 mm·d~(-1),决定系数(R~2)分别为0.71和0.68,一致性指数(d)值均大于0.60;生育期内裸燕麦田间蒸散呈现"单峰型"曲线,在孕穗期日均蒸散峰值分别达到5.02、5.41 mm·d~(-1);各生育期内日均蒸散量为:孕穗期开花期成熟期拔节期出苗期,变化态势与叶面积指数表现一致;两种不同天气(多云和晴天),雨养裸燕麦田间蒸散均主要集中在6∶00—18∶00,约占日总蒸散的84%,而在18∶00—6∶00蒸散较低且变化相对稳定,约占日总蒸散的16%,雨养裸燕麦的蒸散过程受天气影响较大,晴天田间蒸散约为多云条件下的2倍。     

A new bacterial leaf blight disease of oat (Avena sativa) caused by Pantoea agglomerans in China

A new leaf blight disease of oat (Avena sativa) was observed in many oat fields in Huan county, Gansu Province of China, during 2018–2019. Typical symptoms appeared as yellow necrotic and water-soaked lesions. The lesions developed from tip to base of leaves and eventually resulted in leaf withering. Disease incidence on plants (leaves) was approximately 36%–100%. A gram-negative bacterium was isolated from the necrotic lesions of all samples. Coupled with multigene sequence (16S rRNA and gyrB gene) analyses, Biolog Gen III MicroStation, morphological, physiological, and biochemical characterization identified the pathogen as Pantoea agglomerans. Pathogenicity tests by wounding and injection inoculations in the greenhouse established that P. agglomerans could induce typical symptoms as observed in the field. The infection rate in leaves was 44%–71% after 14 days. In addition, host range tests showed that P. agglomerans could infect other plant hosts, including Sorghum sudanense, Medicago sativa, Fagopyrum esculentum, Setaria italica, and Zea mays. This is the first report of P. agglomerans causing bacterial leaf blight disease (LBD) on oat in China. The current study can provide a foundation for the prevention of this disease in the future.     

光照处理对发芽燕麦中多酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性的影响

【目的】研究光照处理对发芽燕麦中多酚类物质含量及抗氧化活性的影响。【方法】将燕麦籽粒分为光照组和黑暗组,浸泡后分别在光照（光照强度为200 μmol/(m²·s)）和遮光条件下进行发芽,在发芽24,48,72和96 h时取样,提取样品中的游离态和结合态多酚,测定多酚、黄酮含量及肉桂酸、阿魏酸、没食子酸、对香豆酸、咖啡酸这5种主要酚酸的组分变化。测定游离态和结合态多酚提取物的抗氧化活性（ABTS、DPPH自由基清除能力和铁还原能力）,分析游离态和结合态多酚、黄酮含量与3种抗氧化指标间的相关性。【结果】光照处理下发芽燕麦中游离态和结合态多酚、黄酮含量明显高于黑暗组。游离态多酚提取物中,光照组样品中没食子酸、咖啡酸、阿魏酸含量在发芽过程中总体高于黑暗组,对香豆酸和肉桂酸的含量总体低于黑暗组;5种酚酸的总量在发芽前期（发芽24~48 h）光照组略低于黑暗组,发芽后期（发芽72~96 h）显著高于黑暗组。结合态多酚提取物中,除肉桂酸外,其余4种酚酸的含量在发芽过程中均表现为光照组显著高于黑暗组;在发芽过程中,光照组5种酚酸的总量显著高于黑暗组。光照组样品的游离态和结合态多酚提取物的抗氧化活性均显著高于黑暗组。2种处理下,除游离态黄酮外,发芽燕麦中的多酚、结合态黄酮均与其抗氧化活性间存在显著正相关。【结论】光照处理可有效提高发芽燕麦中多酚物质的含量及其抗氧化活性。     

氮磷钾对燕麦产量和品质的影响研究进展

燕麦的产量和品质不仅由其本身的遗传特性决定,同时还受外界环境的影响.肥料是影响燕麦生长发育最活跃的环境因子,施肥量的多少和如何配比直接影响燕麦的生长发育状况、产量和品质.氮磷钾是燕麦生长发育过程中必需的3大营养元素.为此,综述了近年来国内外有关氮磷钾用量和配比对燕麦生长发育、产量和品质影响的研究状况,并阐述了需要进一步研究的问题.