羊乳及其制品的脱膻技术与市场现状

近年来,随着牛奶问题的不断出现,越来越多的学者和消费者开始关注羊奶,其营养价值也被越来越多的人所认可.为了对羊奶有更深的认识,本文主要是对羊奶的营养保健优势,羊奶膻味的去除方法,羊奶各类产品及羊奶的发展前景等方面进行了阐述和探讨.     

Comparison of plasma vitamin A and E,copper and zinc levels in free‐ranging and captive greater flamingos (Phoenicopterus roseus) and their relation to pododermatitis

Pododermatitis is a worldwide problem in captive flamingos. Studies in domestic poultry showed that nutrition is a possible influencing factor for pododermatitis. Vitamin A and E, copper and zinc levels were analysed in two different diets (diet 1 = in‐house mix and diet 2 = commercial diet) and in plasma of captive greater flamingos fed these diets and compared to those of free‐ranging greater flamingos. Results were analysed with respect to type and severity of foot lesions of the individuals from the different groups. Juvenile and subadult/adult captive flamingos on diet 1 showed various types and severities of foot lesions, whereas no foot lesions were found at the time of blood sampling in juvenile captive flamingos on diet 2. Juvenile captive flamingos on diet 1 had significantly lower plasma zinc levels than juvenile captive flamingos on diet 2 and juvenile free‐ranging flamingos; data were also lower than reference ranges for flamingos, poultry and cranes. There were no significant differences in plasma vitamin A, vitamin E, copper or zinc levels between animals with different types of foot lesions or with different severity scores. Shortly after the change to diet 2 (fed to juvenile captive flamingos that did not show any foot lesion), the flooring of the outdoor water pools was covered with fine granular sand. Because both factors (nutrition and flooring) were changed during the same evaluation period, it cannot be concluded which factor contributed in what extent to the reduction of foot lesions. While it is assumed that low plasma zinc levels identified in the group of juvenile captive flamingos on diet 1 were not directly responsible for foot lesions observed in these animals, they may have played a role in altering the skin integrity of the feet and predisposing them to pododermatitis.     

天然草地牧草营养品质的高光谱遥感研究进展

天然草地牧草营养品质的优劣不仅影响家畜的生长发育,同时也影响畜产品的品质,对草牧业的发展具有至关重要的意义。高光谱遥感技术的飞速发展使深入研究天然草地牧草品质的动态变化成为可能。本研究综述了目前可利用的高光谱遥感数据以及天然草地牧草营养品质遥感反演的主要成果、常用方法和最新研究动态,分析了我国在天然草地牧草营养品质监测与评价方面尚存在数据获取困难、相关研究缺乏、软硬件性能不足等问题;在多种观测平台及相关技术不断革新背景下,探索星载、机载和地面高光谱数据的有机结合,强化高光谱遥感仪器性能,提高关键营养成分的反演精度是未来研究的重点。     

动态细分饲粮营养供给对肉鸡生产性能、肉品质、氮与磷代谢率及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在根据肉鸡生长曲线及动态营养需要,研究动态细分饲粮营养供给对肉鸡生产性能、肉品质、氮、磷代谢率及血清生化指标的影响。选取1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉鸡240只(公母各占1/2),随机分为3个组,分别为A组:每3.5 d 1个营养标准(1~7日龄1个营养标准);B组:每7 d 1个营养标准;C组:每14 d 1个营养标准。每组8个重复,每个重复10只鸡,试验期42 d。结果表明:1)C组肉鸡的平均日增重(ADG)显著高于A、B组(P0.05),料重比(F/G)显著低于A组(P0.05)。A、B组肉鸡生产性能指标差异均不显著(P0.05)。不同动态细分饲粮营养供给方式对肉鸡肉品质的影响无显著差异(P0.05)。2)不同动态细分饲粮营养供给方式对肉鸡氮、磷代谢率的影响无显著差异(P0.05)。3)肉鸡28日龄时,C组肉鸡血清尿素氮(UREA)含量显著高于A组(P0.05);42日龄时,C组肉鸡血清UREA含量显著高于A、B组(P0.05),但A、B组肉鸡血清UREA含量差异不显著(P0.05)。4)不同动态细分饲粮营养供给方式对肉鸡血清皮质酮(CORT)含量及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)的影响差异不显著(P0.05)。综上所述,每14 d 1个营养标准可使肉鸡的生产性能达到最佳,从实际操作的复杂性考虑,每7 d 1个营养标准可更好地满足饲粮的氨基酸平衡。     

旱地栽培小麦及秸秆青贮饲料的发酵特性、营养成分及体外瘤胃降解特性

本研究总结了全珠小麦青贮饲料和小麦秸秆青贮饲料的保存和营养特性。选择25包来自4个不同田间的全珠小麦青贮饲料和10包小麦秸秆青贮饲料,分别进行了全株小麦青贮和秸秆青贮试验。全珠小麦青贮饲料保存良好,平均pH值为4.46,乳酸、乙酸和丁酸盐的浓度分别为19.2、10.4和4.7g/kg。小麦秸秆青贮饲料的平均pH值为5.46,由于干物质含量较高,发酵受到抑制,乳酸、乙酸和丁酸盐的浓度分别1.9、2.2和1.0g/kg。全株小麦青贮饲料粗蛋白含量为78g/kg,中性洗涤纤维含量为546g/kg,非纤维碳水化合物含量为306g/kg。全珠小麦青贮饲料中粗蛋白和非纤维碳水化合物含量变化较大,中性洗涤纤维含量变化相对较小,这与籽粒成熟度的差异有关。全株小麦青贮饲料和秸秆青贮饲料的体外有机质降解率分别为56.1%和29.3%。全株小麦青贮饲料的体外有机质降解与pH、乳酸和乙酸盐含量无显著相关性(P>0.05),与丁酸盐含量和氨氮比值有显著相关性的趋势(P=0.07)。瘤胃对全珠小麦青贮饲料的发酵早期体外气体生成的变异系数越高,相对于一些纤维组分,如中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维,测定的非纤维碳水化合物变异系数也相应升高。综上所述,冬季旱地栽培的小麦可以作为全株青贮饲料在瘤胃中发酵提供能量,小麦秸秆也可以作为纤维原料进行青贮。     

2007～2008年国际反刍动物营养研究进展 Ⅴ.脂肪(酸)营养

反刍动物产品如牛奶,牛、羊肉等,是人类重要的膳食组成,其脂肪品质及脂肪酸组成与人体健康密切相关,如何合理调控反刍动物脂肪代谢过程,优化饲养模式,改善产品脂肪品质是反刍动物脂类营养研究的关键问题。作者对2007～2008年反刍动物脂类营养研究进展作一简要综述。国内的研究热点主要集中于脂肪酸代谢通路的研究、补充脂肪（脂肪酸）对反刍动物生产性能及产品脂肪酸组成的影响和瘤胃惰性脂肪的应用研究。而国外反刍动物营养脂类研究中除了上述3点外还对乳腺脂肪酸代谢调控和瘤胃后脂肪酸消化、吸收方面有较深入的研究。     

动物营养学研究方法进展

综述了动物营养学研究方法的发展历程,即由传统动物营养学向系统动物营养学的发展,以及各学科在动物营养研究方法中的应用。     

奶牛产奶前期营养调控研究

通过对奶牛日粮代谢能、粗蛋白质和粗饲料类型3个营养因素对产奶前期奶牛100d产奶量影响的测定,确定日粮代谢能是起主导作用的因素。本试验ME:11.0MJ/kg,CP:12.0,粗饲料为全株玉米青贮饲料加玉米秸,奶牛100d产奶量可达到2907kg,平均日产奶29.07kg/d,全日粮料奶比为0.69:1,相当于精饲料产奶比0.31:1。根据上述试验结果和吉林西部的气候与饲料资源特点,笔者推荐在奶牛产奶前期生产中使用ME:10.0MJ/kg,CP:10.5的日粮,尽量不使用稻草作为奶牛产奶前期的主要粗饲料。     

Detrimental effects on villus form during conventional oralrehydration therapy for diarrhoea in calves; alleviation by a nutrient oral rehydration solution containing glutamine

This paper examines the possibility that treatment of diarrhoea with conventional oral rehydration solutions (ORSs) may be detrimental to villus structure by imposing nutrient deprivation and that such detrimental effects may be reduced or avoided by using a nutrient ORS. A conventional WHO-type ORS (W) was compared with two nutrient solutions (N and G) both containing high glucose concentrations and the latter containing glutamine; their effects on enteric structure were assessed by morphometric analysis of samples obtained from diarrhoeic calves after 96h treatment. Comparisons were also made with samples from controls and diarrhoeic calves at the stage where oral rehydration would have begun in the treated groups. As in our previous ORS studies, diarrhoea was induced with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (09:K30:K99). We measured villus length and width, crypt depth and width and calculated villus surface area in proximal, mid and distal small intestine (PSI, MSI, DSI), using standard morphometric techniques. Proximal and distal spiral colon samples (PC, DC) were examined for crypt depth and width; mitoses per crypt were counted in samples from all regions. Non-diarrhoeic calves showed the expected gradient of villus length through PSI, MSI and DSI, hence data for each region are normalized as a percentage of the control value for that region. PSI showed the greatest loss of villus length and surface area (50%) with diarrhoea. In MSI and DSI the villus loss was greater with solution W and N or G, as were increased mitoses and crypt depth. Crypt depth and mitoses also increased in the colon with solution W. Colonic crypt width increased with diarrhoea and conventional oral rehydration but less so with G; there is reason to believe that such changes have functional significance. Crypt changes in colon, MSI and DSI were least with solution G. The changes developing in diarrhoeic calves prior to treatment were thus less apparent in those treated with a nutritional ORS, particularly if it contained glutamine.     

DIETARY VITAMIN D3 INFLUENCE ON SERUM 25-HYDROXY VITAMIN D CONCENTRATIONS IN CAPTIVE SUGAR GLIDERS (PETAURUS BREVICEPS)

A pilot study was performed to investigate the impact of dietary vitamin D on circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) metabolite concentrations in sugar gliders (Petaurus breviceps). The study with diets containing 0, 0.2 (low), or 0.4 (moderate) International Units vitamin D₃ per gram of dry matter and fed to adults at 2 locations. Serum 25[OH]D concentrations did not differ between animals fed produce only (no added vitamin D–either D₂ or D₃) for 3 weeks (8.83 ± 0.98 nmol/L), n?=?6, or low dietary levels (7.86 ± 3.80 nmol/L), n?=?7, continuously for multiple years. Conversely, animals consuming diets containing moderate vitamin D₃ levels displayed increased circulating concentrations (15.00 ± 3.59), n?=?8, after 3 weeks. Despite the response to diets supplemented with vitamin D, overall metabolite levels were low and may indicate minimal metabolic dependence on this nutrient in sugar gliders, similar to processes documented in other hindgut fermenters.