日粮营养水平对奶牛乳蛋白合成的影响及其作用机理的研究进展

乳蛋白作为乳中重要的组成成分,含有人体所需的几乎所有必需氨基酸。然而,奶牛乳蛋白的合成受很多因素影响,如日粮组成、遗传因素、饲养环境等,但具体影响机制尚不明确。因此,研究乳蛋白合成机理,结合营养调控措施提高其在乳中的含量,成为目前研究的热点和重点。作者就目前日粮营养水平对奶牛乳蛋白合成的影响及其作用机理的研究进行了综述。     

mRNA差异显示技术、PCR技术及其在动物营养研究中的运用

21世纪将是生命科学的世纪。当前,世界各国都将分子生物学纳入本国科技发展的重点。分子生物学技术的迅速发展为营养科学探索必需营养缺陷的分子基础提供了强有力的实验工具。本文旨在对mRNA差异显示技术、PCR技术等两种最常用的生物技术手段的原理、特点及其在动物营养研究中的应用作一综述。     

改善奶牛氮磷利用效率的营养策略

氮磷在奶牛生长、发育和生产过程中发挥着重要作用,但在实际生产中,饲粮氮磷含量往往过高,而奶牛对于氮磷的利用效率普遍偏低,这不仅会造成饲料资源的浪费,而且加重了氮磷的排放,导致严重的环境污染.合理减少饲粮氮磷含量、提高奶牛机体对氮磷的利用效率具有重要的现实意义.因此,本文主要从影响氮磷利用效率的因素,以及改善奶牛氮磷利用效率的营养策略2个方面进行了综述,以期为提高奶牛氮磷利用效率,减少氮磷向环境的排放,提高奶牛场经济和生态效益提供理论依据.     

Phenotypes Including Immunocompetence in Scavenging Local Chicken Ecotypes in Tanzania

A study was conducted to determine the variations in physical characters and immunocompetence among scavenging local chicken ecotypes in Tanzania. Eighty-four adult scavenging local chickens from four eco-climatic regions of Tanzania were studied. Measurements of adult body weight, body length, shank length and egg weight and observations of plumage colour and pattern, earlobe colour, skin colour and the shape of the comb were conducted. The antibody response to sheep red blood cells, serum haemolytic complement and the cutaneous response to phytohaemagglutinin-P were assessed. Five ecotypes were identified and named Mbeya, Morogoro-medium, Ching'wekwe, Kuchi and Singamagazi. Singamagazi and Kuchi were significantly heavier, with longer shanks and heavier eggs than the other ecotypes. The average adult body weight for males ranged from 1621 g (Mbeya) to 2915 g (Singamagazi). Average female weights ranged from 1108 g (Morogoro-medium) to 2020 g (Singamagazi). Mean egg weights ranged from 37.65 g (Ching'wekwe) to 45.61 (Singamagazi). The Kuchi had mostly rose and walnut combs, while the other ecotypes were mostly single combed. In each ecotype there were chickens with a high or low antibody response to red blood cells, but there was a significant difference between the ecotypes.     

早期断奶仔猪营养性腹泻的分析及防治

仔猪腹泻是一种严重制约养猪业发展的疾病,其发生由应激、环境、营养等多种因素造成。本文主要从营养方面阐述了早期断奶仔猪发生腹泻的原因,并综合近年研究资料,论述了各种营养因素对仔猪营养性腹泻的改善作用,为研究合理的断奶仔猪日粮提供理论依据。     

奶牛营养平衡与需要量

随着我国奶牛业的快速发展,奶牛对日粮营养平衡的要求越来越高,而正确理解奶牛的营养需要对制定营养平衡的日粮配方非常重要。本文主要从能量、蛋白质、纤维、矿物质和维生素方面探讨奶牛的适宜营养需要量。     

我国珍贵毛皮动物(貂、狐、貉)饲料营养研究进展

毛皮动物养殖是一个独具特色、充满活力的新兴产业,已逐步成为农村经济一个十分活跃的新的增长点.毛皮动物饲料营养研究,不仅对促进动物健康、提高畜产品质量及保证人类健康和环境安全具有重要的学术价值,而且还对保护生物多样性、保存和开发利用动物资源具有重要的指导作用.本文主要就我国貂、狐和貉饲料资源开发利用、饲料添加剂应用技术及干粉饲料配制技术的研究现状进行总结,旨在为貂、狐、貉的高产高效养殖和饲料开发等研究提供基础资料.     

奶牛的有机锌应用效果研究进展

就有机锌对奶牛的营养作用效果、影响有机锌作用效果的因素进行综述。认为添加有机锌可提高奶牛的产奶性能、免疫机能、繁殖性能,改善体健康。同时影响有机锌作用效果的因素有:有机锌的产品质量、添加量和添加时期、饲料营养水平、参照物类型和评价指标等。     

营养和低温对母牛乏情的影响及其机制

选择年龄4－5岁，膘情，体况相当，冬季不发情的健康母牛26头，分为3组，试验1组9头，搭建塑膜暖棚改造传统牛舍，并每头牛每天补充2kg饲料，试验日期从1998年12月1日至1999年6月1日,对3组母牛每月颈静脉采血1次并称重，分离出血清，用放射免疫分析法测定血清中促卵泡素（FSH），促黄体素（LH），雌激素（E2）和孕酮（P4）的含量，结果表明，塑膜暖棚可提高畜舍温度（平均8．2℃），试验结束时，试验1组有6头发情，发情率6／9，试验2组有2头发情，发情率2／7，对照组10头全部未发情，试验初期，FSH，LH和E23组间差异不显著，试验过程中，试验1组有2头发情，发情率2／7，对照组10头全部未发情，试验初期，FSH，LH和E23组间差异不显著，试验过程中，试验1组E2显著高于试验2组和对照组（P＜0．05），试验2组与对照组之间差异不显著，FSH和LH平均含量，3组差间差异不显著。     

Energy expenditure in Awassi sheep grazing wheat stubble in the northern Negev Desert of Israel

In semi-arid Mediterranean areas, small grain aftermath stubble represents an important summer source of food for grazing flocks of small ruminants. Wheat stubble is a mediocre source of forage and flocks are grazed in summer under harsh conditions of temperature and air dustiness. However, stubble grazing procedures are changing, water and shading are more frequently available between grazing sessions (“improved management”), and the biological soundness of this ancestral practice needs to be re-visited. The present study was aimed at evaluating the cost in energy of “improved” wheat stubble grazing, compared with feeding a similar diet indoors. The intake of stubble was first quantitatively and qualitatively evaluated in Awassi sheep. Ewes consumed daily 980 ± 100 g day^− 1 of wheat stubble. Ewes were then housed and fed diets consisting of wheat hay, straw and grain formulated to be iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous to diets consumed from wheat stubble. The average intake of ME was similar during the confinement and the pasture periods (6.4 ± 0.5 and 7.6 ± 0.8 MJ day^− 1of ME, respectively). During 2 days of each period, animals were fitted with external electrodes and data loggers of heart rate and skin temperature. Energy expenditure (EE) was calculated from oxygen consumption estimated as the product of heart beats rate measured for the two days by the amount of oxygen delivered to body tissues at each heart beat (O₂ pulse). The O₂ pulse was determined by simultaneously measurement of oxygen consumption and HR twice daily on two occasions, while grazing stubble and indoors. Energy expenditure and energy balance were not different in sheep while grazing wheat stubble (11.1 and − 3.5 MJ day^− 1) or fed indoors (11.1 and − 4.8 MJ day^− 1). Our data show that stubble did not cover nitrogen and energy requirements for maintenance, and that the cost of summer stubble grazing carried out under conditions described here is less than thought before.