初情期母牦牛乏情的产生机理探讨

青藏高原地区母牦牛繁殖率普遍偏低,初情期母牦牛的乏情情况较为普遍,严重影响其繁殖性能.为探究初情期母牦牛乏情产生的机理,以其营养代谢为切入点,对乏情和发情的初情期母牦牛的血液各类指标进行了检测.结果表明,乏情组母牦牛促性腺激素(GnRH)、促卵泡素(FSH)、促黄体素(LH)、雌激素(E2)和孕酮(P4)均显著低于发情...     

伊犁绢蒿体内可塑性营养物质动态变化及分配特征的研究(简报)

2006年3-11月,在新疆阿什里乡对新疆蒿类荒漠草地建群种伊犁绢蒿可溶性碳水化合物、蔗糖、淀粉和粗蛋白进行动态监测。结果表明,伊犁绢蒿中粗蛋白和蔗糖含量居前2位,淀粉含量低,还原糖仅在茎中存在。5月4日-11月14日,可溶性碳水化合物、蔗糖含量呈"升高-降低-再升高-再降低"特征,叶片粗蛋白和淀粉均呈"单峰"曲线,最高为234.05和3.55 mg/g;根粗蛋白基本不变,为67.26 mg/g,茎中呈下降趋势。可塑性营养物质均在10月17日前完成根内贮存。不同生长阶段伊犁绢蒿营养物质在根、茎、叶上分配差异较大。     

Some observations on canine toxoplasmosis

An inhibitor typing scheme, based on the production of and sensitivity to bacteriocin-like inhibitor substances was used to identify strains of Streptococcus uberis obtained from skin swabs and milk samples of dairy cows. Thirty-nine isolates from one herd were compared, with one isolate examined per site for any sampling day. Eighteen different inhibitor profiles were observed from these isolates. When several isolates were obtained from various skin sites on a cow on the same day, the inhibitor profiles were all different. In three cases, Str. uberis was simultaneously isolated from milk sample and teat surface of the same quarter, but similar inhibitor profiles were only observed for one pair of isolates. Furthermore, when several isolates were obtained by repeated swabbing of a single skin site on a cow on the same day, differences in the inhibitor profiles were again seen. It is likely that numerous strains of Str. uberis are capable of producing clinical mastitis since a comparison of ten isolates obtained from cases of clinical mastitis revealed eight different inhibitor profiles.

Monthly sampling (April–November) of eleven cows revealed that Str. uberis could be isolated from the skin of the abdominal wall, medial thigh, udder and teats, but was not isolated from the rectum of any of the cows. Str. uberis was more frequently isolated from the skin and milk samples during the winter when the cows had been dried off, than during the spring and autumn.     

Status of selenium and vitamin E on Norwegian organic sheep and dairy cattle farms

Herbage selenium (Se) concentration is generally low in Norway. It is unknown whether feeding practices on Norwegian organic farms fulfil the dietary needs of Se and vitamin E for sheep and dairy cattle. Therefore we analysed Se in soil and herbage, and Se and vitamin E in animal blood in the indoor feeding season at 14 organic dairy and 14 organic sheep farms. The herbage Se concentration was low. Approximately 50 and 35% of all samples in the first and second cut, respectively, had Se concentrations below the detection limit of 0.01 mg/kg dry matter (DM). The median (10th, 90th percentile) Se concentrations were <0.01 (<0.01, 0.03) and 0.02 (<0.01, 0.06) mg/kg DM in the first and second cuts, respectively. Whole blood Se concentrations were 0.10 (0.04, 0.15) μg/g in dairy cattle and 0.14 (0.03, 0.26) μg/g in sheep. Vitamin E concentrations were 4.2 (2.7, 8.4) mg/l in dairy cattle and 1.3 (0.9, 2.4) mg/l in sheep. None of the soil or plant variables explained the variation in herbage Se concentration, although Se in soil and plant tended to be correlated. Herbage Se concentration was inadequate to meet the dietary Se requirements. Vitamin E requirement was only met in dairy herds. We recommend Se and vitamin E supplementation to ruminants on organic farms.     

Endocannabinoid system and proopiomelanocortin gene expression in peripartal bovine liver in response to prepartal plane of nutrition

Endocannabinoids are fatty acid amides (FAE; oleoylethanolamide and anandamide) which have orexigenic, anorexigenic or anti‐inflammatory properties. We examined mRNA expression via qPCR of endocannabinoid receptors (CNR1 and CNR2), enzymes that synthesize FAE (HRASLS5 and N‐acyl phosphatidylethanolamine phospholipase D), enzymes that degrade FAE [fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), N‐acylethanolamine acid amidase (NAAA) and monoglyceride lipase (MGLL)], and the hormone precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in liver at ?14, 7, 14 and 30 days around parturition from cows fed with a control (CON; NE_L = 1.34 Mcal/kg) or moderate‐energy (OVER; NE_L = 1.62 Mcal/kg) diet during the dry period. Expression of CNR2 and POMC was greater at 7 days in cows fed with OVER because of a decrease in expression between ?14 and 7 days in cows fed with CON. Cows fed with CON had an increase in expression of FAAH, HRASLS5, NAA, MGLL and POMC between 7 and 14 days; for FAAH and HRASLS5, such response led to greater expression at 14 days vs. cows fed with OVER. Cows fed with OVER vs. CON had a approximately twofold increase in expression of MGLL between ?14 and 7 days followed by a gradual decrease through 30 days at which point expression was still greater in OVER vs. CON. FAAH, MGLL and HRASLS5 were the most abundant genes measured. Expression of the hepatic endocannabinoid system and POMC was altered by plane of dietary energy prepartum particularly during the first 2‐week postpartum. Such responses may play a role in the physiological adaptations to the onset of lactation, including energy balance and feed intake.     

苜蓿根系生长对黄土母质生土的改良效应

为明确苜蓿根系生长对黄土母质生土的改良效应,以黄土母质生土为供试土壤,采用根管土柱栽培方法,研究了2~4年生紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.) 0~300 cm土层根系生长特点及其根际土壤微生物、酶活性以及土壤营养的垂直分布。结果表明:黄土母质生土0~300 cm土层的苜蓿根重、根体积、根直径随土层的加深皆符合Y=A·e^-BX锥形负指数递减模型;苜蓿根系对土壤的穿孔、切割、挤压作用有利于改善生土的结构;苜蓿发达的根系明显促进了生土根际微生物的繁衍、酶活性的提高及土壤氮素营养与有机质含量的提高。试验年限内,以4年生苜蓿根际效应更好。本研究结果为苜蓿应用于黄土母质生土地的改良沃化提供了理论参考。     

OPG/RANKL/RANK系统的生理功能

 骨是一个代谢活跃的器官,在整个生命周期中都在进行不断的更新与重建。在骨形态发生和重建的过程中主要受到细胞因子和激素的调节,同时骨代谢也受到OPG/RANKL/RANK系统的调控。论文主要对骨骼生理结构与骨组织细胞之间的关系,骨代谢和骨的形成过程,OPG/RANKL/RANK系统的生理功能,OPG/RANKL/RANK系统的影响因子以及骨代谢紊乱所引起的疾病几个方面作一综述。     

猪营养与营养源

营养对生物性状的表达、生产性能、经济效益有着明显的影响。营养的全部内涵包括营养素、营养源、营养水平和营养组合。营养及营养源的重要性有待深入认识。本文以猪为例,在讨论营养重要性的基础上,总结了近年来本研究室在营养源方面的研究进展,以推动这方面的深入研究。     

Effects of plane of nutrition on growth,feed intake,digestibility and nitrogen balance in Murrah graded male buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves in Nepal

An experiment was conducted using 17 male buffalo calves to assess the effects of plane of nutrition on dry matter intake (DMI), daily gain (DG), body size measurement, apparent digestibility and nitrogen (N) balance. To attain 250 kg BW, the calves were allocated into three groups: H, L‐H and L, receiving the concentrate at 1.50% of BW, 0.75% of BW until 190 kg BW and 1.50% thereafter and 0.75% of BW, respectively. The animals had ad libitum access to urea‐treated rice straw (UTRS). The DMI of UTRS through the experiment was higher in L and L‐H than H, showing 3.52, 2.90 and 2.62 kg/day, respectively (P < 0.01), but the total DMI did not differ among the treatment groups. The DG throughout the experiment was high in the order of H, L‐H and L, showing 0.72, 0.57 and 0.45 kg, respectively (P < 0.01). The digestibility of DM, organic matter, crude protein, neutral and acid detergent fiber and N retention were higher in H than in L (P < 0.05). The findings of this study thus revealed the greater DG has an advantage of shortening the growing period around 3 months, and consequently increasing benefit in fattening of buffalo calves in Nepal.     

Effect of supplementation of multi-microbe probiotic product on growth performance, apparent digestibility, cecal microbiota and small intestinal morphology of broilers

The present study investigated the effect of inclusion of multi-microbe probiotic product on growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients, cecal microbiota and small intestinal morphology in broilers. Four hundred days-old Ross chicks were randomly allotted to five treatments on the basis of body weight (BW). Each treatment had four replicates of 20 chicks in each. Experimental diets were fed in two phases, starter (day 0-21) and finisher (day 22-35). Dietary treatments were; basal diet without any antimicrobial (NC), basal diet added with 20 mg Avilamycin/kg of diet (PC), 10(7) cfu multi-microbe probiotic/kg of diet (P1), 10(8) cfu multi-microbe probiotic/kg of diet (P2), and 10(9) cfu multi-microbe probiotic/kg of diet (P3). Overall BW gain and feed conversion ratio were better (p < 0.05) for treatments PC, P2 and P3 compared with NC and P1, with P1 being better (p < 0.05) than NC. Overall feed intake in treatments PC, P1, P2 and P3 were greater (p < 0.05) than NC. Apparent digestibility of dry matter and crude protein were greater (p < 0.05) in treatments PC, P2 and P3 compared with NC, with P1 being intermediate and not different form NC, PC, P2 and P3. At d 21 and 35, treatments PC, P1, P2 and P3 showed lower (p < 0.05) cecal Clostridium and Coliforms count in relation to NC. Moreover, cecal Clostridium (d 21) and Coliforms (d 21 and 35) count were lower (p < 0.05) in treatment PC in relation to P1; with P2 and P3 being intermediate and not different from PC. However, there was no effect of dietary treatments on cecal total anaerobic bacteria and Bifidobacterium spp. count. The villus height of duodenum in treatment PC was greater (p < 0.05) than NC, with P1, P2 and P3 being intermediate. Villus height of ileum in treatment PC was greater (p < 0.05) than in treatments P1 and NC, whereas it remained comparable among treatments PC, P2 and P3. Villus height to crypt depth ratio of ileum was greater (p < 0.05) for treatment PC, P2 and P3 compared with that in P1 and NC. It is concluded that multi-microbe probiotic inclusion at 10(8) and 10(9) cfu/kg diet had beneficial effects on broilers growth performance, apparent digestibility of nutrients and intestinal morphology and can be used as replacement to antibiotics growth promoter in broiler nutrition.