高湿稻谷收获期水分分布研究

测定了5个品种的双季稻在收获期的粒间水分分布，结果表明，同一稻穗粒间的水分差异很大，在完熟期收获的稻谷粒间的水分分布频率存在两个峰值，5个品种稻谷的水分分布及在降水过程中的变化规律具有化一化的倾向，且受环境因素的影响较大．     

紫茎泽兰入侵对生物多样性及土壤养分的影响

研究了不同强度紫茎泽兰入侵(重度入侵,HI;中度入侵,MI;轻度入侵,LI;未入侵,CK)对入侵地生物多样性及土壤养分的影响.结果表明,紫茎泽兰改变了土壤结构并且降低了入侵地生物多样性,土壤容重和pH随紫茎泽兰入侵强度的增加表现为降低趋势,土壤含水量、电导率和总孔隙度表现为增加趋势,除了土壤全磷以外,土壤其他养分和微生物量也呈相应的增加趋势,均表现为HI＞MI＞LI＞CK,表明了紫茎泽兰入侵显著提高了土壤养分和微生物量,其中土壤有效养分对于茎泽兰入侵较为敏感;在紫茎泽兰入侵条件下土壤养分和微生物量呈现出季节同步变化规律,具体表现为冬季＞秋季＞夏季＞春季,表明紫茎泽兰入侵对土壤养分及微生物量的影响与其生长节律有关.相关性分析结果表明,紫茎泽兰入侵条件下生物多样性和土壤养分与微生物量呈显著的相关性,它们作为相互作用和影响的有机整体表现出统一性和同步性.     

三穗鸭组织中的重金属含量分布与安全性评价

为了解三穗鸭各组织中重金属蓄积与分布差异,了解三穗鸭中积累的重金属是否在人体的正常摄入中存在潜在危害,对三穗鸭的组织器官鸭胸肉、鸭腿肉、鸭肝、鸭心、鸭胗、鸭肠、鸭脚、鸭骨中重金属镉、铅、铜、砷的含量进行测定,采用数据处理软件分析三穗鸭组织内重金属含量水平及其分布特征,采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗污染综合指数法和国家标准对各个组织进行安全性评价。结果表明：铜在鸭心中的含量最高,为7．0259 mg/kg;铅和砷在鸭脚中的含量最高,分别为0．4877 mg/kg 和0．2313 mg/kg;镉在鸭肝中的含量最高,为0．1565 mg/kg。通过与国家标准规定的范围比较表明,三穗鸭组织中各重金属含量均在国家限量范围内,其中,重金属铅比其他重金属综合污染指数高,但是污染程度均属于安全范围之内。     

Spatial patterns of fire occurrence in Catalonia,NE, Spain

In this paper, we analyse spatial patterns of fire occurrence in Catalonia (NE Spain) during 1975–98. Fire scar maps, discriminated by means of 30–60 m resolution remote sensing imagery, have been used as a source of fire occurrence. We employ several visual or analytical approaches to interpret fire occurrence in this region, such as those of Minnich and Chou (1997), Ricotta et al. (2001) or Krummel et al. (1987). Crucial spatial patterns such as fire size distribution, fire frequency distribution, spots and residual vegetation islands are documented. In addition, several geographical layers were overlaid with burned area maps in order to determine interactions between fire occurrence and environmental parameters such as altitude, slope, solar radiation, and burned land cover. Assuming that fire occurrence is well determined by such a posteriori empirical factors we detect areas most prone to fire in this region and aim to enhance the local forest management and conservation plans.     

密度对不同生态区马铃薯产量及块茎空间分布的影响

【目的】探究群体密度对四川不同生态区马铃薯产量及空间分布的影响,为马铃薯机械化采收提供依据。【方法】以"川芋117"为试验材料,采用随机区组设计,分别在平原生态区(四川成都温江)和盆周山地生态区(四川雅安汉源)研究5个密度(分别为6,9,12,15,18万株/hm~2)对马铃薯产量及其构成因素、块茎横向和纵向分布距离、不同质量块茎空间分布的影响。【结果】1)在试验密度范围内,平原生态区马铃薯产量与密度呈凸二次函数关系,在密度为15.75万株/hm~2时产量最高;山地生态区马铃薯产量与密度呈递增的线性关系,在密度为18万株/hm~2时产量最高。2)密度对两个生态区单薯质量影响较大,但提高产量的主攻方向不同,平原生态区以提高单株产量为核心,山地生态区则以提高群体产量为目标。3)随密度的增加,两个生态区马铃薯块茎在纵向分布距离的集中度降低,横向分布距离上的集中度增加,块茎平均纵向分布距离与密度呈正向递增的双曲线函数关系,平原生态区和山地生态区纵向分布距离的最大值分别为8.415 2和8.413 0cm,差异不大;平均横向分布距离与密度呈正向递减的双曲线函数关系,平原生态区和山地生态区横向分布距离的最小值分别为8.766 6和8.544 1cm。4)通过建立的单薯质量空间分布的人工神经网络模型(ANN)发现,密度主要影响80g以上块茎的数量和空间分布情况;80g以上块茎主要分布于纵向6~10cm和横向12~20cm的空间,且高密度下,80g以上块茎的数量和横向分布范围显著降低。当横向分布距离大于20cm时,平原生态区以40g及以下块茎为主,山地生态区则以40~80g块茎为主。【结论】改变密度能影响单位面积结薯数,从而有效控制块茎大小,最终影响块茎在纵向和横向分布距离上的集中程度。     

Establishment of Prosopis cineraria (L.) druce in the hot deserts of India

Prosopis cineraria (L.) Druce, commonly known as Jandi, is a deep rooted, nitrogen fixing, multipurpose tree endemic to the hot deserts of India. These trees are the essential component of the agroforestry land use system in these parts of India. The shade-intolerant tree reproduces poorly in nature and is difficult to propagate vegetatively. Germination up to 86.6% was observed after 15 days in seeds soaked in water at room temperature for 72 h. In another treatment, pouring of boiling water twice (at 0 and 6 h) over seeds and germinating after 12 h produced germination rates of 92.6%. Field establishment of containerized transplants in polythene bags (22×10 cm; 150 gauge) gave 90.3% survival after 6 months and 75.4% survival after 24 months. Seedlings were irrigated once during transplanting with 15 1 water. Bare root transplants and manual direct seeding after 6 months had a survival of 30.8 and 45.0%, respectively. Increased levels of nutrients (N, P and K), moisture content and organic carbon were observed under plantations as compared to open areas.     

冀西北坝上地区退化防护林的土壤性质

为了解冀西北坝上防护林退化与土壤性质的关系,以河北省张北坝上地区杨树防护林为研究对象,比较了不同退化程度杨树防护林的土壤养分和土壤硬度。研究结果表明:1随林分退化程度的增加,土壤硬度和出现钙积层的概率均有增加的趋势。2除速效钾表现出明显差异外,不同退化程度防护林土壤有机质、全磷、速效磷、全氮、碱解氮、全钾含量无明显差异。3张北坝上地区土壤养分含量总体处于较低水平。根据全国第2次土壤普查养分分级标准,其有机质为4级,磷素和氮素为6级,钾素为5级。4土壤有机质含量与全氮、碱解氮、全钾、速效钾、全磷和速效磷含量呈显著或极显著正相关关系,全氮与碱解氮、全钾与速效钾含量呈显著正相关关系,全磷与速效磷含量没有明显的相关关系。尽管张北坝上的地区土壤养分含量普遍较低,但防护林退化程度与多数土壤养分含量没有明显的相关关系,而与土壤硬度的高低及钙积层的有无具有一定的相关性。     

面向农业环境的无线传感器网络部署算法研究

设计了基于改进微粒群和初始能量分配的综合优化算法。通过合理的无线传感器网络节点部署,在保证网络通讯质量的同时,根据不同节点的实际功耗,均衡每个节点的能量,有效延长整个网络的生命周期,促进无线传感器网络技术在农业环境监测中更广泛的应用。     

污染土壤中六六六和DDT在温室中的分布特征及动态变化研究

应用PUF材料空气被动采样技术,研究了密闭温室条件下污染土壤中有机氯农药[DDT和六六六(HCH)]含量的动态变化及其向空气中扩散的规律。结果表明:土壤中∑HCHs和∑DDTs总量随着培养时间的延长而降低;空气中HCH和DDT浓度在20d时达到峰值,20d以后浓度逐渐降低。培养60d后,土壤中∑HCHs的浓度随土层深度增加而增加,0~2cm土层中∑HCHs的浓度(9.4±0.69)mg·kg-1显著低于6~8cm土层中的浓度(12.11±0.83)mg·kg-1;∑DDTs在土壤中浓度随土壤层次呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势。在温室条件下有机氯农药的异构体和降解产物的组成也发生一定变化,土壤中HCHs和DDTs在一定程度上被激活,温室条件也可能促进HCHs和DDTs的土-气交换过程;温室环境促进了p,p′-DDT和o,p′-DDT向p,p′-DDD和p,p′-DDE转化,从而增大DDT和HCH的环境风险。     

Shape and distribution of knots in a sample of picea abies logs

In an attempt to develop a better understanding of the effect of knottiness on the yield of logs for sawn timber products, the present study examines the position and geometrical characteristics of 429 knots found in seven Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) middle logs from southern Finland. The raw data used in this study were in the form of coordinates of points located on the knot surface recorded in a cylindrical (R, L, T) reference frame. The data were smoothed using a non linear three‐dimensional model. A curvature analysis of the knot pith was used to differentiate the curved and straight portions of the knots. This analysis made possible calculation of knot angles, symmetry, ovality and volume. The major finding of this study is the uneven distribution of knots around the log circumference. Nearly 50% of the total knot volume was concentrated in one‐third of the log facing the south‐east. Knots were also more prominent in higher portions of the logs studied. These observations support the argument that the uneven distribution of knots offers potential for improving the grade yield of timber sawn from trees harvested in high‐latitude countries.