Biochar derived from dairy cattle carcasses as an alternative source of phosphorus and amendment for soil acidity

Two pot experiments were conducted to evaluate biochar derived from dead dairy cattle as a mineral fertilizer, especially phosphorus (P) fertilizer, and to clarify the effect of particle size of biochar on plant growth (Zea mays L.) and P uptake. To produce the biochar, body parts of dead cattle were placed in a charring chamber and allowed to char at 450°C for 4 h. The biochar was of high pH and rich in major plant nutrients, especially P. Application of fine biochar (< 1 mm) increased P uptake by the corn plants grown in soil of low available P status. As a result, plant growth was improved following biochar application and dry matter production was also increased. The effect of the biochar application on the P uptake and plant growth was promoted by the application of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizer. Soil analysis after harvest indicated that the biochar application increased soil pH, available P and exchangeable calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) compared with the soil before seeding, while soil available N and exchangeable potassium (K) were considerably decreased. The decrease in the soil available N was incomprehensible, because the result of the mass balance given by the difference between input as the applied N from the biochar and fertilizer N and output as the N uptake by the plants was positive. We observed a similar result in the mass balance of K to the case of N. The medium (2–4 mm) and coarse (> 4 mm) grade biochar did not significantly affect plant growth, because P uptake was not, or was only slightly, increased by the application of these biochars. Dissolution of P from the coarser biochars was probably slower than that of the fine biochar. The lower dissolution of P from the medium and coarse biochars was supported by the lower P absorption efficiency of these biochars compared with that of the fine biochar and superphosphate. The effect of fine biochar on plant growth and P uptake was similar to that of superphosphate. We can therefore conclude that fine biochar derived from cattle carcasses is an effective source of P fertilizer and amendment for soil acidity. The N and K contents in the biochar, although relatively high, cannot be relied upon as a mineral fertilizer. Further studies are needed to assess whether the N and K contents of the biochar indicate it can be regarded as a useful fertilizer.     

长期施肥红壤稻田有机碳演变规律及影响因素

利用1981年起设置的水稻土长期施肥定位试验,分析了CK(不施肥)、N(单施氮肥)、NPK(氮磷钾配施)、NPK2(2倍氮磷钾配施)和NPKM(有机无机肥配施)等施肥措施下土壤有机碳的演变规律及其与作物产量和土壤养分(全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾和速效钾)的相关性.结果表明:试验30年后,各个处理的土壤有机碳含量均有上升,其中CK、N、NPK、NPK2和NPKM的土壤有机碳在试验30年分别比试验前增加18.95％、17.72％、23.36％、16.92％和32.68％.与CK处理相比,NPK、NPK2和NPKM处理的土壤有机碳平均提高了4.09％、4.03％和25.68％.土壤有机碳含量与水稻产量呈显著相关(P＜0.001),相关系数r为0.410,这说明土壤有机碳含量的增加可以促进水稻增产.土壤有机碳与土壤养分中的碱解氮、速效磷和全磷含量均表现出极显著相关(P＜0.001),相关系数r分别为0.452、0.559和0.487,但是与钾含量相关不显著.这表明:有机无机肥配施可以持续快速提高红壤性水稻土的有机碳含量,同时在有机无机肥配施过程中应适当增施钾肥,从而促进土壤肥力平衡和维持作物高产稳产,实现农业可持续性.     

施肥对稻田温室气体排放及土壤养分的影响

【目的】农业活动引起的温室气体排放对全球变暖的影响日益得到关注,本试验研究不同施肥处理对稻田温室气体排放、 产量和土壤养分的影响,以期为农田可持续利用和温室气体减排提供依据。【方法】在长江中下游地区稻麦轮作区进行田间试验,设置不施氮肥(CK)、 当地习惯施肥(FP)、 推荐N肥(OPT)、 有机无机配施(OPT+M)、 秸秆还田(OPT+S)5个处理,采用静态箱/气相色谱(GC)法测定了稻季CH4、 N2O和CO2的排放情况,调查了不同施肥措施对稻田温室气体增温潜势以及产量,测定了土壤养分,并综合产量和增温潜势对温室气体排放强度进行分析,提出该区域稻田减排增产的合理施肥措施。【结果】 1) 不同处理CH4季节排放总量为OPT+SOPT+M FP OPT CK,排放量为99.02~143.69 kg/hm2; N2O季节排放量为FPOPT+MOPT OPT+S CK,排放量范围为0.95~3.57 kg/hm2; CO2排放顺序与CH4季节排放趋势一致,排放量为7231.64~13715.24 kg/hm2。2)根据稻季CH4和N2O季节排放量以及在100年尺度上的CO2当量计算,不同处理温室气体全球增温潜势大小顺序为OPT+SOPT+M FP OPT CK。在CK、 FP、 OPT、 OPT+M和OPT+S的全球增温潜势中,N2O占的比重分别为10.31%、 26.39%、 21.51%、 22.91% 和11.58%,CH4所占比重分别为89.69%、 73.61%、 78.49%、 77.09%和88.42%。稻田N2O的排放量很少,排放以甲烷为主,因此不同施肥措施所排放的N2O对综合温室效应的贡献远低于CH4。相对于当地习惯施肥处理,OPT、 OPT+M和OPT+S 3种优化施肥措施均在减少化肥施用量的情况下增加了水稻产量,增产率分别为3.6%、 14.3%和 8.5%,其中以有OPT+M处理增产效果最明显。3)不同施肥处理下,CO2排放强度为FP(0.56)OPT+S(0.52) OPT(0.50)OPT+M(0.49),OPT和OPT+M显著低于当地习惯施肥处理,OPT+M CO2排放强度最低。4)有机碳、 全氮、 速效磷和速效钾含量均在OPT+S处理中最高。【结论】不同施肥措施影响稻季温室气体排放,施用有机肥和氮肥均增加了CO2、 CH4、 N2O的排放,秸秆还田增加了CO2和CH4排放,减少了N2O排放。稻田减排应以减少CH4排放为主,推荐氮肥量配施有机肥为碳强度评价体系下最优处理。秸秆还田对土壤养分的改善趋势明显,虽然增加了CO2排放,但考虑到其可避免因焚烧造成大量CO2的排放,总体上依然减少了CO2的排放,但对秸秆还田的适宜量需要进一步研究。     

不同树龄骏枣树养分吸收差异研究

【目的】旨在明确不同树龄骏枣树形成单位产量所需的各器官营养元素年吸收量的异同点,以期为骏枣生产中的科学均衡施肥提供理论依据。【方法】以新疆阿克苏地区4、 7和10年生骏枣树作为试材,从枣树地上部分各器官分别采样,测定N、 P、 K、 Ca、 Mg、 Mn、 Fe、 Zn和Cu含量。【结果】骏枣树形成地上部各器官单位生物量所需要的养分含量,不同树龄间相比差异均不显著,但其生物量在总生物量中所占的百分率有差异,4、 7、 10年生骏枣树果实占地上部年总生物量的百分率依次为72.9%、 73.7%、 75.7%,叶片依次为5.4%、 5.2%、 5.1%,花依次为1.3%、 1.5%、 1.4%,茎枝依次为20.4%、 19.5%、 17.6%,三个树龄骏枣树各器官生物量的大少顺序均为果实＞茎枝＞叶片＞花。每形成1000 kg果实的总生物量随着树龄的增大而逐渐减少,茎枝保留和剪掉部分生物量均降低。采前落果率随树龄增加上升,叶片生物量减少,受精花生物量上升,而其掉落部分生物量表现先上升后下降。三个树龄骏枣地上部分生物量年增加量所需要的各营养元素量顺序均为K＞N＞Ca＞Mg＞P＞Fe＞Zn＞Mn＞Cu,每形成1000 kg果实所需要吸收的养分量非常接近,4年生骏枣树为N 22.8 kg、 P 1.7 kg、 K 34.0 kg、 Ca 7.4 kg、 Mg 5.0 kg、 Mn 54.5 g、 Fe 916.9 g、 Zn 202.8 g、 Cu 42.5 g; 7年生骏枣树为N 22.7 kg、 P 1.7 kg、 K 33.9 kg、 Ca 7.3 kg、 Mg 4.9 kg、 Mn 53.9 g、 Fe 907.2 g、 Zn 204.5 g、 Cu 42.0 g; 10年生骏枣树N 22.1 kg、 P 1.7 kg、 K 33.4 kg、 Ca 6.8 kg、 Mg 4.7 kg、 Mn 51.8 g、 Fe 871.3 g、 Zn 204.8 g、 Cu 40.4 g。【结论】3种树龄骏枣树地上部年总生物量中果实生物量与其余生物量的比例约为3∶1,且形成1000 kg果实所需的养分量也基本一致。由于总生物量和果实产量随树龄的增加而增加,因此,对养分的总需求量增加。但是由于果实生物量所占比例有所增加,测算单位产量所需要的各营养元素年吸收量时,也应考虑果实以外器官的年生物量所需要的养分吸收量,才能得到较准确的肥料施入量和各营养元素的比例。     

适量有机肥与氮肥配施方可提高河西绿洲土壤肥力及作物生产效益

【目的】 河西绿洲灌溉农业区是我国主要的商品粮生产及玉米制种基地,结合当地耕作制度进行土壤有效培肥是提高农业生产效益和可持续发展的基础。本研究以河西灌漠土长期定位试验为依托,探讨了长期施用一种或者多种有机肥以及有机无机肥配合对土壤养分、土壤酶活性及产量的影响,为筛选出适于当地农业可持续发展的施肥模式提供理论依据。 【方法】 试验采用随机区组排列,除对照外,在施磷肥 (P₂O₅) 150 kg/hm2 的基础上,再设 12 个处理:单施用农家肥 120 t/hm2 (M);单施绿肥 45 t/hm2 (G);单施秸秆 10.5 t/hm2 (S);单施氮肥 375 kg/hm2 (N);农家肥 60 t/hm2 + 绿肥 22.5 t/hm2 (1/2MG);农家肥 60 t/hm2 + 秸秆 5.25 t/hm2 (1/2MS);农家肥 60 t/hm2 + 氮肥 187.5 kg/hm2 (1/2MN);绿肥 22.5 t/hm2 + 氮肥 187.5 kg/hm2 (1/2GN);秸秆 60 t/hm2 + 氮肥 187.5 kg/hm2 (1/2SN);农家肥 40 t/hm2 + 绿肥 15 t/hm2 + 氮肥 124.5 kg/hm2 (1/3MGN);农家肥 40 t/hm2 + 秸秆 3495 kg/hm2 + 氮肥 124.5 kg/hm2 (1/3MSN);农家肥 30 t/hm2 + 秸秆 2625 kg/hm2 + 绿肥 11.25 t/hm2 + 氮肥 94.5 kg/hm2 (1/4MGSN)。调查了耕层土壤有机质和速效养分含量变化以及几种主要土壤酶活力,采用主成分分析、聚类分析、经济效益分析综合比较了不同施肥方式对土壤质量与经济收益的影响。 【结果】 长期不施肥、单施氮肥(N)、氮肥配施绿肥或者秸秆均会造成土壤钾素匮缺,较 1988 年初测土土壤速效钾含量分别下降了 16.59%、39.37%、25.04%、23.31%;M、G、S 三种有机肥单施或与氮配施均能提高土壤碱解氮、土壤有效磷、土壤有效钾、土壤有机质(SOM)含量,不同施肥方式下,其含量大小总体表现为高量有机肥 > 减量有机肥 + 减量 N > N > CK;M、G、S、N 单施或 1/2MN、1/2GN、1/2SN 处理均能提高蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性,以 G、1/2GN 处理对提高土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶的活性的效果最显著,M、G、MN、GN 处理对提高碱性磷酸酶活性的效果最显著;主成分得分进行聚类分析,不同处理培肥土壤质量效果由高到低分成四类,分别为一类高量有机肥 M、G、1/2MG > 二种有机肥与氮肥减量配施 1/2MN、1/3MSN、1/3MGN、1/2GN、1/2MS、1/4MSGN > 三类氮肥、秸秆、秸秆与氮肥 N、1/2SN、S > 四类不施肥(CK);各施肥方式均能提高作物产量,与不施肥(CK)相比,增产幅度为 12.21%～235.4%,肥料贡献率在 10.89%～70.18% 之间,单施肥增产总趋势为 N > G > M > S,减量配施肥增产总趋势为 1/2GN > 1/2MN>1/2MS,施肥方式以有机肥配施 N 对产量贡献最大;经济效益分析表明施 N 或有机肥与 N 配施对于提高净收益作用较大。 【结论】 通过主成分分析与聚类分析、经济效益与产量综合比较,农家肥、绿肥和秸秆长期单施成本高,产量和经济效益低,维持土壤养分和产量需要的用量大。因此,提倡适量有机肥与氮肥配施,达到提高作物产量,增加经济效益,保证土壤肥力可持续发展。      

Minimizing ammonia volatilization from urea,improving lowland rice (cv. MR219) seed germination,plant growth variables,nutrient uptake,and nutrient recovery using clinoptilolite zeolite

The anionic nature and high cation exchange capacity (CEC) of clinoptilolite zeolite can be exploited to reduce ammonia (NH₃) loss from urea and to improve soil chemical properties to increase nutrient utilization efficiency in lowland rice cultivation. A closed-dynamic airflow system was used to determine NH₃ loss from treatments (20, 40, and 60 g clinoptilolite zeolite pot^?1). Seed germination study was conducted to evaluate the effects of clinoptilolite zeolite on rice seed germination. A pot study was conducted to determine the effects of clinoptilolite zeolite on rice plant growth variables, nutrient uptake, nutrient recovery, and soil chemical properties. Standard procedures were used to determine NH₃ loss, rice plant height, number of leaves, number of tillers, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, nutrient recovery, and soil chemical properties. Application of clinoptilolite zeolite (15%) increased shoot elongation of seedlings and significantly reduced NH₃ loss (up to 26% with 60 g zeolite pot^?1), and increased number of leaves, total dry matter, nutrient uptake, nutrient recovery, soil pH, CEC, and exchangeable Na⁺. Amending acid soils with clinoptilolite zeolite can significantly minimize NH₃ loss and improve rice plant growth variables, nutrient uptake, nutrient recovery, and soil chemical properties. These findings are being validated in our ongoing field trials.     

Analysis of amino acid uptake and translocation in Arabidopsis with a low‐cost hydroponic system

In soils, amino acids may be an important source of nitrogen for plants, at least in those where organic matter is not quickly degraded. The physiology of uptake of amino acids by roots was mainly studied in the 70's and 80's, before genes encoding amino acid importers were cloned in the 90's. While two families of amino acid transporters have been identified, yielding a total of about 100 genes, the role of each member is yet to be elucidated. As a tool for studying the role of amino acid transporters from Arabidopsis we set up a new hydroponic system suitable for radioisotope use. This system enables reproducible amino acid uptake by roots and estimation of the transport to the shoots of the amino acid taken up. We show that the rates of glutamine (Gln) uptake by wild‐type roots and transfer to the shoots were linear, and that other tested amino acids were translocated to the shoots with lower efficiency than Gln. A T‐DNA insertion mutant for a Gln exporter was compared to the wild‐type plants. Gln uptake and transfer were similar in both genotypes, showing that the suppression of the exporter did not affect uptake or transfer of amino acids to the shoots. The main advantage of the hydroponic system presented here is that all the materials used to grow Arabidopsis are virtually free and can therefore be discarded, a useful feature when working with radioactivity.     

The effect of NPK fertilizer with different nitrogen solubility on growth,nutrient uptake and use by chrysanthemum

The effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) fertilizer with different nitrogen forms on N, P, K use, uptake and growth of potted chrysanthemum plants during three vegetation phases was observed in two - years experiment. In the experiment, NPK fertilizer with slow soluble nutrients with different nitrogen forms: ureaform, (IBDU) isobutyledenediurea and melamin, was used. At control treatment the identical fertilizer was applied but the nitrogen was in ammonia and urea forms as usually used in horticulture. The experiment clearly showed the positive effect of NPK fertilizer containing half nitrogen amount in ureaform, on growth and plant nutrient uptake. This effect of nitrogen ureaform was confirmed by both the highest uptake of N, P, K and the highest yield of biomass. The NPK fertilizer with half nitrogen content in ureaform ensured optimal nutrient release according chrysanthemum nutrient requirement.     

Response of strawberry to organic versus inorganic fertilizers

The aim of this research was designed in order to optimize integrated plant nutrient supply (IPNS) through balanced fertilization of organic, inorganic and microbial inoculants in strawberry cv. Chandler. The potential efficiency of bio-organics used along with chemical fertilizers on cropping behaviour, physical-chemical and biological properties of rhizosphere soil, fruit yield, quality attributes and leaf nutrient content was investigated. The significant improvement in physico-chemical properties of the soil and nutrient uptake was recorded. The uninoculated control received farmyard manure (FYM) and inorganic nitrogen (N) recorded the highest cation exchange capacity (CEC) and soil organic carbon (OC) content. Highest available N and phosphorus (P) of soil were recorded in vermicompost and inorganic N applied in two and one split, respectively. The concentration of micronutrients cations viz., iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn) in soil was higher in treatment received vermicompost and inorganic N in two splits. The integration of bio-organic nutrient supplements also significantly enriched the microbial status of the rhizosphere soil, leaf nutrient concentration and maintained soil health and productivity on long term basis for sustainable fruit production.     

沟垄二元覆盖对渭北旱塬区土壤肥力及玉米产量的影响

探讨沟垄二元覆盖对旱地土壤肥力及作物生产力的影响,对完善半湿润区作物微集水栽培技术具有重要的理论和实践意义。2007—2011年在渭北旱塬进行5年定位试验,设置垄上覆地膜,沟内分别覆普通地膜、生物降解膜、玉米秸秆、液体地膜和沟不覆盖等不同沟垄覆盖模式,以传统平作为对照。结果表明,2011年春玉米收获后各处理土壤有机质及速效养分含量随土层的加深而降低,与2007年试验处理前相比,沟垄二元覆盖各处理土壤养分含量明显增加,而垄覆地膜+沟不覆盖和传统平作处理有所下降。垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆处理0~20 cm层土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均显著高于对照,垄覆地膜沟覆地膜和垄覆地膜沟覆生物降解膜处理有机质和碱解氮含量较对照有所增加,而其有效磷和速效钾含量显著增加。20~60 cm层土壤有机质和速效养分含量各沟垄二元覆盖处理均略高于对照。各沟垄覆盖处理表层(0~20 cm)土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性均较对照增加,且以垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆处理土壤酶活性最高,垄覆地膜沟覆生物降解膜和垄覆地膜沟覆地膜处理次之。垄覆地膜沟覆生物降解膜、垄覆地膜沟覆地膜和垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆处理较对照显著增产41.1%、42.1%、39.3%,水分利用效率显著提高38.0%、39.6%、37.0%。在渭北旱塬区进行沟垄二元覆盖对提高土壤肥力、酶活性及春玉米产量和水分利用效率有显著提高作用,以垄覆地膜沟覆秸秆处理最佳,垄覆地膜沟覆地膜和垄覆地膜沟覆生物降解膜次之。可见,垄覆地膜沟覆地膜、生物降解膜或秸秆的沟垄全覆盖种植在渭北旱塬雨养农业区春玉米生产栽培具有一定的可行性和应用价值。