冀北山地华北落叶松人工林土壤养分的变化规律

为了解随林龄增长华北落叶松人工林土壤养分含量的变化规律,选择4种不同林龄（9年生、18年生、33年生、43年生）的华北落叶松人工林为研究对象,对林下土壤的养分特征及其空间变化进行了研究。结果表明,土壤的有机质、碱解氮及全氮含量总体上以43年生华北落叶松人工林最高;速效钾及全钾含量有随林分年龄的增加而逐渐降低的趋势;磷元素则随林龄的增加呈现先下降后上升的趋势;同时,各林分土壤有效磷含量均相对偏低。有机质、碱解氮、全氮、速效钾、全钾及全磷的含量都随土层深度的增加逐渐下降,而有效磷含量则表现出先下降后又上升的趋势,拐点在40 cm左右。总体上,人工落叶松林土壤随林分年龄增加未表现出明显的退化趋势。     

菊粉的原生素作用研究进展

本文综述了菊粉的原生素作用及机理 ,主要包括菊粉的微生物发酵、营养、免疫和抗癌作用等。     

Enhancing Productivity of Rice-Wheat System Through Integrated Crop Management in the Eastern-Gangetic Plains of South Asia

Abstract

Rice (Oryza sariva)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) rotation is the major production system in the Indo-Gangetic plains of South Asia and mid hills and is important for the food security of the region. The productivity and profitability of the rice-wheat system are very low mainly because of inappropriate nutrient input and poor crop management practices. Field experiments were conducted in 21 farmers' fields in Bara and Parsa districts in the Eastern-Gangetic plains of Nepal from May 1999 to April 2002 to evaluate site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) and integrated crop management (ICM) for improving rice-wheat productivity and profitability. Soil nutrient-supplying capacity (based on omission plot method) varied largely among farmers' fields. Rice soil had a higher N, P, and K-supplying capacity (35–76, 8–17, and 63–98 kg ha¹, compared with wheat (16–41, 6–12, and 20–104 kg ha¹, respectively). Both SSNM and ICM strategies significantly improved the grain yields of rice and wheat. Overall yield increment by ICM over farmers' practice (FP) reached up to 2.3 Mg ha¹ (66%) in rice and 2.3 Mg ha¹ (87%) in wheat, suggesting that there is a large potential for increasing rice and wheat yields in Nepal. Yield gap 1 (maximum attainable yieldaverage yield in ICM) was 1.3 to 1.4 Mg ha¹ for rice and 0.3 to 1.0 Mg ha¹ for wheat. While yield gap 2 (maximum attainable yieldaverage yield in FP) ranged from 2.8 to 3.5 Mg ha-1 for rice and 2.3 to 2.8 Mg ha-1 for wheat. Rice N-use efficiencies increased up to 50% and 70% with SSNM and ICM, respectively, over FP. In wheat, N-use efficiency increased up to 46% by ICM over SSNM. The net profit gained by applying ICM over FP was higher in wheat (US$ 217) than in rice (US$ 73). The findings suggest the urgent need to develop an effective program for wider dissemination of ICM technology in the Eastern-Gangetic plains.     

不同品种烤烟大田期几种营养元素积累与分配研究初报

 2000年,研究了K326,红大,G28,NC82,K358,COKER371GOLD,云烟85这7个烤烟品种大田不同时期（移栽后20,40,60,80,100,120 d）N,P,K,S,Ca,Mg等6个营养元素的积累与分配差异。结果表明,移栽后40 d是N素的吸收高峰,不同品种对N素的吸收差异不大,N在各器官中的浓度大小依次是叶＞根＞茎;不同品种对P的吸收差异较大,其中移栽后20 d时差异最小,60 d时差异最大,大多数品种移栽后50 d前P的分布是根＞叶＞茎,50 d后叶中P的浓度逐渐增大; K的吸收高峰都在移栽后40～60 d,所有品种中,红大对K的吸收最多,移栽后20 d,茎中K的浓度最高,之后叶中K的浓度逐渐增加;移栽后20 d时,品种间对S的吸收差异较大,之后差异逐渐减小,S在不同品种中的分布略有差异,但有一个共同点,移栽后80 d前根中的浓度最大,之后叶中的浓度逐渐增大;多数品种移栽后对Ca的吸收都有一个顶峰,不同时期,Ca在叶中的浓度较大;不同品种对Mg的吸收差异不大,而且随着生育期的推移,总体上呈下降趋势,移栽后60 d前,根中的浓度最大,之后叶中的浓度超过茎和根中的浓度。     

基于高光谱数据的农田土壤养分含量估测模型研究

【目的】快速、实时、准确、无损地获取农田土壤主要养分(全氮TN、全磷TP、全钾TK)含量的信息。【方法】运用各种土壤反射率的光谱特征分析技术,提取其最具代表性的敏感波段位置,建立土壤养分含量反演模型。【结果】建立估算模型中,预测TN含量以指数函数模型(Y_TN =0.000 5e^{4.700 3xNDI})为最佳;预测TP含量以一元三次函数模型(Y_TP =802.27 x_NDI³-412.32 x_NDI²+72.357 x_NDI-3.318 9)为最佳;预测TK含量以一元三次函数模型(Y_TK =80 189 x_NDI³-11 471 x_NDI²+490.57 x_NDI+13.879)为最佳模型。【结论】通过模型精度评价和田间反复验证,基于归一化光谱指数NDI建立的高光谱遥感定量模型,能较好的反演土壤TN、TP、TK含量,达到良好的预测效果。     

不同海拔马尾松针叶养分含量及其再吸收效率

以福建漳州南靖国有林场不同海拔马尾松为研究对象,探讨了马尾松叶片养分含量及其再吸收的海拔效应。结果表明:①在0m海拔和100 m的林地中马尾松成熟针叶的N含量要显著高于海拔为200 m和300 m的含量,马尾松成熟针叶中P和N含量的变化趋势相似;马尾松叶片的N/P比随海拔的升高而降低,表明该立地条件均存在磷限制。②200 m海拔区的马尾松衰老针叶中N含量最低,而0 m海拔区的马尾松衰老叶中最高。随着海拔的升高,N含量呈现先下降后增加的趋势;100 m海拔区的马尾松衰老针叶中P含量含量最高,而300 m海拔区的最低。③高海拔马尾松叶片的N再吸收效率显著高于低海拔的马尾松,其中在200 m海拔时达到最大值;叶片P的再吸收效率随海拔变化的规律与N相似,在所有海拔林地内,P的再吸收率均要高于N的再吸收率。     

菊芋氮磷钾吸收积累与分配特征研究

以“青芋1号”菊芋为试材,通过田间试验对菊芋全生育期的各器官内氮、磷、钾养分的吸收积累与分配特征进行了研究。结果表明,随生育期的延长菊芋各器官营养元素浓度呈下降趋势。营养元素吸收速率呈双峰曲线变化;营养元素积累总量表现为:氮钾磷。块茎形成前,营养元素主要存于茎、叶;块茎形成到块茎膨大始期,叶内营养元素分配量持续减少,块茎分配量持续增多,而茎内磷、钾则呈单峰曲线变化;块茎开始膨大后,营养元素在茎、叶的分配量均迅速减小,块茎分配量迅速增加。     

耕作模式对土壤生物活性与养分有效性及冬小麦产量的影响

为探讨长期玉米秸秆还田下不同耕作模式对土壤生化性状及冬小麦产量的影响,从2011年10月至2016年6月连续5个冬小麦生长季进行田间定位试验。设4个耕作处理,分别是连续旋耕秸秆不还田(RT)、连续旋耕秸秆还田(RS)、连续深耕秸秆还田(DS)及前2年旋耕秸秆还田第3年深耕秸秆还田(TS)。与RT相比,连续5年秸秆还田显著提高0~10、10~20和20~30 cm土层土壤有机碳、无机氮、速效磷、速效钾含量;土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、硝酸还原酶和蔗糖酶活性及土壤微生物多样性分别提高23.1%~59.3%、13.2%~40.7%、14.1%~28.8%、10.9%~19.5%和31.9%~42.5%。秸秆还田使各土层变形菌门、硝化螺旋菌门及放线菌门的相对丰度显著提高,而酸杆菌门相对丰度则显著降低。与DS及TS相比,RS显著提高0~10 cm土层土壤养分状况及生物活性,10~30 cm土层则显著降低。连续旋耕至第3年,无论秸秆还田与否,小麦均表现减产;DS与TS处理则表现持续增产,平均年增产3.2%和3.9%。本研究表明在黄淮海东部地区,秸秆还田条件下,2年旋耕后接1年深耕的耕作模式有助于改善耕层土壤质量和提高冬小麦生产力。     

Responses of plant community to the linkages in plant-soil C:N:P stoichiometry during secondary succession of abandoned farmlands,China

Succession is one of the central themes of ecology;however,the relationship between aboveground plant communities and underground soils during secondary succession remains unclear.In this study,we investigated the composition of plant community,plant-soil C:N:P stoichiometry and their relationships during secondary succession after the abandonment of farmlands for 0,10,20,30,40 and 50 a in China,2016.Results showed that the composition of plant communities was most diverse in the farmlands after secondary succession for 20 and 50 a.Soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents slightly decreased after secondary succession for 30 a,but both were significantly higher than those of control farmland(31.21%-139.10%and 24.24%-121.21%,respectively).Moreover,C:N ratios of soil and microbe greatly contributed to the changes in plant community composition during secondary succession of abandoned farmlands,explaining 35.70%of the total variation.Particularly,soil C:N ratio was significantly and positively related with the Shannon-Wiener index.This study provides the evidence of synchronous evolution between plant community and soil during secondary succession and C:N ratio is an important linkage between them.     

玛曲高寒草地沙化对土壤理化特性的影响

以玛曲高寒草地处于不同沙化发展阶段的潜在沙化地、轻度沙化地、中度沙化地和重度沙化地为研究对象,阶地作为对照,对0～60 cm土壤剖面的机械组成和土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷以及速效钾含量进行了测定,分析结果表明:1)随草地沙化程度的加剧,不同类型沙化草地的黏粒和粉粒含量迅速下降,细砂粒含量逐渐下降而粗砂粒含量逐渐上升。2)随草地沙化程度的加剧,不同程度沙化草地的有机碳和全N含量呈逐渐下降趋势。3)从不同程度沙化草地各层土壤的养分含量来看,阶地和潜在沙化地各土层有机碳和全N含量随土层深度加深逐渐下降,中度沙化地、重度沙化地各土层有机碳和全N含量呈现基本稳定的状态。