Testing of a pond‐side molecular diagnostic tool for the detection of white spot syndrome virus in shrimp aquaculture

White spot disease in penaeid shrimp is caused by the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). It is the most economically important disease of farmed warm‐water shrimp, causing extensive economic losses estimated from $8 to $15 billion since its emergence in the 1990s. Early diagnosis of disease is critical in the management of outbreaks and to avoid crop losses. Diagnosis of white spot disease is generally carried out in centralized laboratory settings using molecular biology approaches. However, this mode of testing can be expensive and time consuming, requiring laboratory equipment, highly trained laboratory personnel, dedicated laboratory space, and long‐distance transportation of samples from field to lab. In‐field diagnostics are gaining credence as tools for rapid and early animal disease detection, allowing diagnosticians and farmers to potentially manage disease outbreaks from the pond side. In the present study, we describe the development and application of a new in‐field point‐of‐need diagnostic test and platform for the diagnosis of WSSV in remote settings (shrimp farms). We report its performance in laboratory and field settings and compare it with current gold‐standard diagnostic approaches. We discuss the potential benefits (and barriers to uptake) of applying such testing in the global shrimp farming sector.     

黄山市水产养殖现状及展望

目前随着水产养殖技术的发展和养殖品种的增加等积极因素的出现,水产养殖也开始进入高速发展阶段。该文从黄山市水产养殖的产量、品种以及养殖所遇到的问题等方面对黄山市的水产养殖现状进行分析,并对其发展前景进行展望。     

Life cycle assessment of aquaculture systems: Does burden shifting occur with an increase in production intensity?

Life cycle assessment (LCA), a tool used to assess the environmental impacts of products and processes, has been used to evaluate a range of aquaculture systems. Eighteen LCA studies were reviewed which included assessments of recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), flow-through systems, net cages, and pond systems. This review considered the potential to mitigate environmental burdens with a movement from extensive to intensive aquaculture systems. Due to the diversity in study results, specific processes (feed, energy, and infrastructure) and specific impact categories (land use, water use, and eutrophication potential) were analyzed in-depth. The comparative analysis indicated there was a possible shift from local to global impacts with a progression from extensive to intensive systems, if mitigation strategies were not performed. The shift was partially due to increased electricity requirements but also varied with electricity source. The impacts from infrastructure were less than 13 % of the environmental impact and considered negligible. For feed, the environmental impacts were typically more dependent on feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the type of system. Feed also contributed to over 50 % of the impacts on land use, second only to energy carriers. The analysis of water use indicated intensive recirculating systems efficiently reduce water use as compared to extensive systems; however, at present, studies have only considered direct water use and future work is required that incorporates indirect and consumptive water use. Alternative aquaculture systems that can improve the total nutrient uptake and production yield per material and energy based input, thereby reducing the overall emissions per unit of feed, should be further investigated to optimize the overall of aquaculture systems, considering both global and local environmental impacts. While LCA can be a valuable tool to evaluate trade-offs in system designs, the results are often location and species specific. Therefore, it is critical to consider both of these criteria in conjunction with LCA results when developing aquaculture systems.     

中国经济海藻养殖技术概况与展望

我国是全球海藻生产和消费大国。当前，我国海藻养殖种类以海带、紫菜、江蓠和裙带菜等为主体，兼有小规模养殖的羊栖菜、鼠尾藻、麒麟菜、石花菜、礁膜、浒苔、长茎葡萄蕨藻等。海藻养殖方式包括浅海养殖、潮间带养殖和陆基养殖。近年来，在全球气候变化、海水污染、海岸工程等多重压力下，海藻养殖环境不佳，养殖病害多发；另外，海洋生态文明建设大背景下的近海水域利用政策变化，对海藻养殖产业及其养殖技术提出了新的要求与挑战。对我国海藻养殖技术进行回顾，总结经验、查找不足，提出新思路、新方法，以期为我国海藻养殖产业可持续发展提供支撑。     

养殖废水生物除磷影响因素研究进展

畜禽养殖业废水含有较高浓度的磷,有效的生物除磷是解决水体富营养化问题的重要手段。该文从碳源、氮源、金属离子及洛克沙胂等几个方面探讨其对养殖废水生物除磷的影响,阐述了养殖废水除磷困难的根本原因,并提出了相应的解决措施。     

我国水产养殖业现状及其发展趋势

结合笔者实际工作对我国水产养殖业现状及其发展趋势进行了相关探析。     

生态文明视角下的水产养殖业环境成本管理

总结了水产养殖业的环境成本构成,即包括环境预防成本、环境治理成本、环境损害成本,分析了水产养殖业环境成本管理中存在的问题,并从生态文明的视角下提出水产养殖业环境成本管理的目标,以及加强水产养殖业环境成本管理的对策。     

农业生态系统文化服务的支付意愿与受偿意愿的差异性分析--以上海池塘养殖为例

池塘养殖已在我国存在千年之久,不仅提供着食物供给,同样为人类提供着文化服务价值。近年来农业服务业的发展大大加深了其文化价值。条件估值法(CVM)作为评价非市场价值方法之一,目前已被广泛应用。随着CVM的发展,对该方法的有效性和稳定性仍有争议。其中讨论的热点之一为策略性偏差,即受偿意愿和支付意愿评估环境物品或服务价值的不对称。已有的支付意愿(WTP)和受偿意愿(WTA)研究中,基于农业生态系统文化价值研究甚少。本文以池塘养殖文化服务价值评估为切入点,以上海青浦、嘉定和奉贤地区养殖池塘为研究对象,并应用Tobit模型及多元Logit模型对其WTA及WTP差别进行探讨。研究表明:(1)WTP受到受访者收入、受教育程度、对池塘游憩活动爱好程度及周边环境满意程度的正向影响,而WTA同样受到收入的影响,其池塘周边环境满意程度影响与WTA呈现反向关系;(2)导致WTA/WTP不对称的主要因素为收入、户籍、年龄和受访者对池塘游憩活动的爱好程度,其WTA/WTP均值之比为5;(3)收入效应、替代效应、持有效应、前景效应和产权问题是影响WTA/WTP不对称的理论依据;(4)在实际调查过程中,由于受访者对WTA的理解存在偏差,其回答值往往高于真实值,所以本文选用WTP作为主要评估方式,得出青浦、嘉定和奉贤区域池塘养殖生态系统文化服务价值分别为17 716.11万元、24 104.00万元和17 752.14万元。在推动上海新农村建设的过程中,职能部门需重新认识此类系统服务价值,做到充分保护和持续利用池塘,提高农民收入。