蛭弧菌的生物学特性及其在刺参养殖中的应用前景

蛭弧菌是一种以捕食细菌为生的寄生性细菌,对诸多水产动物病原菌具有吞噬和裂解作用。蛭弧菌能够预防水产动物的细菌性疾病、改善养殖环境以及增强水产动物机体免疫力。养殖刺参的疾病以细菌性病害为主,利用蛭弧菌可以预防刺参疾病的发生。关键词蛭弧菌水产养殖刺参应用前景     

养殖用水重复利用过程中悬浮固体物的性质及控制

颗粒物不仅对养殖对象有直接影响,也会影响到其它水处理单元的效率,是水产养殖水体重复利用和排放的限制性指标。本文概述了水产养殖水体中固体物质性质的描述指标,根据水产养殖活动的特点对养殖过程中颗粒物的来源途径进行了分析,可以根据水体的投饲量估算需要去除的颗粒产生量;介绍了使用双排管将残饵和粪便尽快地排出养殖池的方法;根据颗粒物的粒径、沉降速率等特征,总结了几种常见的固液分离技术。选择固液分离技术时,需要考虑去除的粒径、水头损失、水力负荷以及总体去除效率,还要考虑是否可能在去除的过程中会把大粒径颗粒碎成小粒径颗粒因而增加总体去除难度。     

Impact of fish and pearl farming on the benthic environments in Gokasho Bay: Evaluation from seasonal fluctuations of the macrobenthos

ABSTRACT: In order to clarify the influence of mariculture on the benthic fauna, samples of the macrobenthos were collected from Gokasho Bay, where intensive fish culture and pearl oyster culture have been carried out. Monthly samples collected from the fish farm and pearl farm sites during June 1995 to July 1996 revealed that the community structure of the two sites showed distinct differences with seasonal fluctuations. At the fish farm site, azoic conditions were found from July to November; after December, the diversity increased markedly through successive recruitments of small-sized species such as the polychaetes Capitella sp. and Pseudopolydora paucibranchiata , and the amphipods Aoroides spp.; macrofaunal density, biomass and species richness peaked from March to April. At the pearl farm site, a higher diversity, including larger-sized species, and no clear seasonal fluctuations in abundance was found, and the community structure was similar to that at the control site. These results show the large impact by fish farming on the macrofauna, whereas pearl farming causes less effect on the benthic fauna. It is suggested that the difference in the level of organic input between the two sites results in the differences in the dissolved oxygen content of the bottom water, sulfide content of the sediments and, subsequently, the macrobenthic assemblages.     

沿海水产业生态附加值与产业竞争优势

沿海水产业是以海洋生物为资源基础的产业。在目前资源和环境的双重约束和消费者生态意识提高的情况下,沿海水产业的可持续发展更依赖于海陆自然生态系统的平衡。文章从经济学角度出发,提出了生态附加值的概念和理论框架,并初步探讨要提高沿海水产业的生态附加值不仅要从各个产业层次出发,通过生态投入的优化配置实现生态附加值的提高,而且要从整个产业出发,加强各个产业间联系,加快生态附加值的交换和循环,从而实现沿海水产业生态附加值和产业竞争优势的提高。     

Water and nutrient budgets of ponds in integrated agriculture–aquaculture systems in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

A participatory on-farm study analysed water and nutrient budgets of six low and four high water-exchange ponds of integrated agriculture–aquaculture (IAA) farms in the Mekong delta. Water, nitrogen (N), organic carbon (OC) and phosphorus (P) flows through the ponds were monitored, and data on fish production and nutrient accumulation in sediments were collected during a fish culture cycle. Results showed that, on average, only 5–6% of total N, OC or P inputs introduced into ponds were recovered in the harvested fish. About 29% N, 81% OC and 51% P accumulated in the sediments. The remaining fractions were lost through pond water discharges into adjacent canals. Fish yields and nutrient accumulation rates in the sediments increased with increasing food inputs applied to the pond at the cost of increased nutrient discharges. High water-exchange ponds received two to three times more on-farm nutrients (N, OC and P) while requiring nine times more water and discharging 10–14 times more nutrients than the low water-exchange ponds. Water and nutrient flows between the pond and the other IAA-farm components need to be considered when optimizing productivity and profitability from IAA systems.     

我国主要鱼类杂交种及其养殖状况

杂交是获得新品种的重要途径。迄今,我国进行了大量的鱼类杂交育种研究,其中不少的杂交种经济性状优良,已大规模应用到养殖生产中,取得了显著的经济效益。本文对鲤(Cyprinus carpio)、鲫(Carassius auratus)、罗非鱼(Tilapia)、鲟(Pseudoscaphirhynchu)和鳢(Channa)等我国主要淡水养殖的杂交鱼类品种进行了介绍,综述了他们目前的养殖现状,旨在为鱼类杂交育种研究和杂交种的生产与管理提供参考。     

利用人工湿地处理池塘养殖废水效果分析

构建表面流和水平潜流人工湿地系统处理水产养殖池塘排放的废水,以减少水产养殖废水对周围水域环境的污染.结果表明,经湿地净化处理后,养殖废水中总氮、总磷、CODMn、氨氮分别从2.32、0.50、14.88、0.61 mg/L降至0.98、0.18、9.72、0.30 mg/L,叶绿素a从369.6 μg/L降至61.78 μg/L,水质明显得到净化.湿地植物存活时组织氮、磷含量明显高于死亡时,湿地植物死亡时梭鱼草、黄菖蒲、小香蒲的组织氮含量分别仅为存活时的18.8%、26.8%、38.1%.湿地植物死亡时收割可去除氮、磷含量分别为11.68 g/m2和4.81 g/m2,再力花去除氮、磷能力最强.在湿地植物死亡前收割能够提高湿地植物吸收所贡献的净化率.     

无公害牛奶生产与认证的技术要求

本文根据国家有关法律法规和无公害畜产品认证有关规定、技术标准,结合生产实际和工作经验,阐述了无公害牛奶的概念、内涵,总结了无公害牛奶生产的技术要求和认证要求,为牛奶生产者提供参考。     

水产养殖用复合微生物粉剂中菌种的分子生物学鉴定

对两种市售水产养殖用复合微生物粉剂中微生物菌种进行鉴定。利用平板分离技术对粉剂中的微生物进行分离纯化,进行了形态学观察、16S rDNA和26S rDNA序列分析,并构建系统发育树。结果表明,两种微生物粉剂中菌群结构存在一定差异,S1粉剂中鉴定出5株芽孢杆菌和2株酵母菌,分别为枯草芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌或索诺拉沙漠芽孢杆菌、葡萄牙棒孢酵母和库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母;S2粉剂中鉴定出3株芽孢杆菌、1株放线菌、2株酵母菌和3株肠球菌,分别为解木糖赖氨酸芽孢杆菌、环状芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌或索诺拉沙漠芽孢杆菌、芬氏纤维微菌、酿酒酵母、库德里阿兹威毕赤酵母、鹑鸡肠球菌、屎肠球菌或乳酸肠球菌。明确水产养殖用复合微生物粉剂的菌群结构为同类产品的安全性及有效性评估提供理论基础。     

Antimicrobial Use and Resistance in Aquaculture: Findings of a Globally Administered Survey of Aquaculture‐Allied Professionals

There is limited published information regarding antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in aquaculture. Our objective was to determine the opinions of aquaculture‐allied professionals around the world on the frequency of AMU and AMR in common aquatic species. The study questionnaire included five sections: respondent demographics, extent of AMU in aquaculture, frequency of observations of AMR in aquaculture, AMR monitoring and surveillance and antimicrobial susceptibility testing in various jurisdictions. It was administered in English and Spanish to 604 professionals in 25 countries and with varying expertise in aquaculture. The response rate was 33% (199/604). Over half of the participants had >10 years of experience in aquaculture: 70% (140/199) were involved in fish health/clinical work and their primary experience was with salmon, tilapia, trout, shrimp (including prawn) and/or catfish. Tetracycline use was reported by 28%, 46%, 18%, 37% and 9% of respondents working with catfish, salmon, tilapia, trout and shrimp, respectively. Resistance to tetracycline in one or more species of bacteria was reported as ‘frequent‐to‐almost always’ for the same aquaculture species by 39%, 28%, 17%, 52% and 36% of respondents, respectively. ‘Frequent‐to‐almost always’ use of quinolone was reported by 70% (32/46) and 67% (8/12) of respondents from the United States and Canada, respectively, where quinolone products are not approved for aquaculture, and extra‐label fluoroquinolone use is either prohibited (United States) or discouraged (Canada). Similar frequencies of quinolone use were also reported by the majority of respondents from Europe [70% (7/10)] and Asia [90% (9/10)] where labelled indications exist. This baseline information can be used to prioritize research or surveillance for AMU and AMR in aquaculture.