基于16SrDNA比较研究混养三角帆蚌和鲢鳙对池塘养殖水体微生物群落结构的影响

为了研究混养三角帆蚌(Hyriopsis cumingii)和鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)对池塘养殖水体微生物群落结构的影响,分别在浙江海盐、江西九江、上海浦东开展了罗氏沼虾-三角帆蚌混养、草鱼—三角帆蚌混养、罗氏沼虾-三角帆蚌-鲢鳙鱼混养三组系列实验。利用DGGE技术对养殖水体的16S r DNA进行指纹图谱分析。三组实验共鉴定出57条不同条带,每组实验中混养三角帆蚌或鲢鳙实验组的平均条带数均高于单养水体水样平均条带数。Shannon多样性指数分析结果显示,各养殖水体混养三角帆蚌、鲢鳙后,多样性指数均有所增加。PCA分析和DGGE聚类结果显示,在无鲢鳙的情况下,蚌与主养物种(罗氏沼虾、草鱼)混养实验组的16S r DNA图谱聚为一类,显示出蚌对于微生物群落结构影响的贡献;在同时引入鲢鳙和蚌的情况下,16S r DNA指纹图谱则是按照有无鲢鳙聚为两类,提示在本实验中鲢鳙对于水体微生物的影响要大于蚌。对DGGE图谱其中20条显著条带进行回收、测序和系统发育分析,结果表明,所获序列主要分属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria,25%)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria,25%)、α-变形菌亚门(Alphaproteobacteria,15%)、β-变形菌亚门(Betaproteobacteria,15%)、γ-变形菌亚门(Gammaproteobacteria,10%)、ε-变形菌亚门(Epsilonproteobacteria,5%)、裸藻叶绿体(Euglenales,5%)。     

水产养殖面源污染控制的最佳管理实践

随着水产养殖规模和产量的不断攀升,水产养殖造成的环境污染问题逐渐引起世界范围内的广泛关注。水产养殖污染是农业面源污染的重要组成部分,通过各种措施进行高效治理和保护,将极大地有利于养殖业的健康和可持续发展。美国在水产养殖面源污染控制方面走在世界前列,具有较多经验可供借鉴。文章对美国水产养殖中应用最佳管理实践（BMP）的概念、内涵和研究应用情况作了简要介绍;对BMP中在工程上和非工程上的2种管理方法进行了深入分析,特别针对工程上和非工程上的关键问题进行了阐述,并提出中国水产养殖生产中应用BMP的重要性。     

Effects of marine fish farming on nutrient composition and plankton communities in the Eastern Aegean Sea (Turkey)

The hypothesis that the presence of fish farming zones affects the water quality and plankton communities was investigated in an Aegean Sea fish farm during February, June, September and January 2000–2001. In the spatial coverage, a total of 12 stations were sampled; three of them were reference stations. A variance analysis was applied to the measurements made at the stations near the fish farms and at the control stations. While no significant differences in concentrations of nutrients, chlorophyll a, particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen were detected between the stations and the control sites within one season, significant differences were detected between the parameter values measured except for total dissolved phosphorus and dissolved organic phosphorus at different seasons. The seasonal differences were also significant with regard to the biodiversity. Together with these temporal differences in general, there was a higher diversity of species at the control site as compared with the other stations in September, which was the key season to detection of significant changes. The most important consideration is that it is not sufficient to take the instantaneous values for the physico‐chemical variables; rather, it is necessary to monitor the biological parameters in order to define the differences in the ecosystem.     

基于启发式Johnson算法优化BP神经网络的水产养殖产量预测模型

针对水产养殖产量预测难的现状,提出一种基于启发式Johnson算法优化的反向传播神经网络(BPNN)的产量预测模型。该模型在传统BP神经网络的基础上,针对网络训练时间长、易陷入局部最优的问题,通过启发式Johnson算法降低输入神经元维度,再结合试凑法确定神经网络隐层个数,构建启发式Johnson反向传播神经网络(HJA-BPNN)学习预测模型。实验结果表明,该模型在山东省对虾海水养殖产量预测中,预测的均方根误差小于传统BP神经网络和GM(1,1),且学习效率相比传统BP神经网络有所提升。研究表明,该学习预测模型在大量历史数据的模型构造上有更大的优势,能够缩短建模时间,同时获得良好的预测效果,为水产养殖产量预测提供了一种可行的新方法。     

全基因组选择育种策略及在水产动物育种中的应用前景

全基因组选择的概念自2001年由Meuwissen等提出后便引起了动物育种工作者的广泛关注.目前,澳大利亚、新西兰、荷兰、美国的研究小组已经应用该方法进行了优质种牛的选择育种,并取得了很好的效果.此外在鸡和猪的选择育种中也有该方法的应用,但在水产动物选育中尚未见该方法使用的报道.本文对“全基因组选择育种”的概念和提出背景进行了归纳,对全基因组选择育种的优势进行了阐述,并详细介绍了其具体的策略,总结了目前全基因组育种所广泛采用的方法以及取得的成果,旨在为该方法在水产动物育种方面的应用研究提供科学参考.     

Incidence of Pathogenic Microorganisms in Aquacultured Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

ABSTRACT

Quantitative levels of six known pathogens (Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella species, Vibrio cholerae, Yersinia enterocolitica, and Y. pseudotuberculosis) and aerobic plate counts were measured at five aquaculture facilities. The farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and trout fillets were sampled at two different growing seasons to monitor for microbial hazards. Listeria spp. was identified in both whole trout and trout fillets from all five facilities sampled from both growing seasons. Presumptive Clostridium botulinum spores were also identified from all five facilities for both seasons. The growing season did not affect pathogen levels and there was no evidence that any one aquacultural system was superior to the others. Salmonella spp., Vibrio cholerae, and Yersinia spp. were not isolated from any of the trout samples analyzed.     

Photosynthetic suspended-growth systems in aquaculture

Standardized evaluation and rating of biofilters for aquaculture should be assessed in the context of the economic efficiency of ecological services (waste assimilation, nutrient recycling, and internal food production) provided by earthen ponds, and the availability and cost of land, water, and electrical energy resources required to support particular classes of production systems. In photosynthetic suspended-growth systems, water quality control is achieved by a combination of natural and mechanical processes. Natural processes include photosynthesis of oxygen, algal nutrient uptake, coupled nitrification–denitrification, and organic matter oxidation; mechanical processes include aeration and water circulation. Ammonia is controlled by a combination of phytoplankton uptake, nitrification, and immobilization by bacteria. Unlike biofilters for recirculating aquaculture systems, unit processes are combined and are an integral part of the culture unit. The important design and operational considerations for photosynthetic suspended-growth systems include temperature effects, aeration and mixing, quantity and quality of loaded organic matter, and fish water quality tolerance limits. The principle advantages of photosynthetic suspended-growth systems are lower capital costs relative to other recirculating aquaculture systems and increased control over stock management relative to conventional static ponds. The main disadvantage is the relatively low degree of control over water quality and phytoplankton density, metabolism, and community composition relative to other recirculating aquaculture systems. Examples of photosynthetic suspended-growth systems include semi-intensive ponds, intensively aerated outdoor lined ponds, combined intensive–extensive ponds, partitioned aquaculture systems, greenwater tanks, greenwater tanks with solids removal, and greenwater recirculating aquaculture systems.     

伊维菌素在水产养殖中的应用及其水生态风险

伊维菌素是一种广谱抗寄生虫渔药,在国外被广泛用于鲑鱼、海鲷养殖中的海鲺防治.国内主要用于防治淡水鱼养殖中的各种寄生虫病,其在观赏鱼养殖中的应用也日益普遍.综述了目前国内外伊维茵素在水产养殖中的使用现状,并就其水生态风险进行评估.     

硝化细菌浓度及滤料对养殖水中氨氮处理效果的影响

分别研究了不同硝化细菌浓度(0、20、60、120 mL/100 L)和不同微生物滤料(珊瑚石、锅炉煤渣、牡蛎壳)对养殖水中氨氮处理效果的影响。结果显示,添加硝化细菌后,水体中的氨氮浓度呈现下降趋势,在8～12 h出现极低值后,开始上升,但上升速度较慢;随着水体中硝化细菌添加量的增加,水体中的氨氮浓度下降速度加快;水体中亚硝酸氮浓度呈现先上升后下降的趋势,并在4～6 h出现极高值,然后迅速下降,且硝化细菌添加量越高,下降速度越快。硝化细菌对以珊瑚石和锅炉煤渣为滤料的养殖水体中氨氮和亚硝酸氮的处理效果显著优于牡蛎壳,但珊瑚石和锅炉煤渣之间无显著差异。综合试验结果,应急水质处理时,硝化细菌菌剂的添加量以一次60 mL/100 L(或以活菌计数为1.2×109个/100 L)、间隔24 h添加1次为宜;经过脱硫筛选之后的锅炉煤渣可以作为循环水养殖用滤料。