粉煤灰条形柱在水土保持坡改梯工程中的推广应用

通过对粉煤灰条形柱的特点分析,探讨粉煤灰条形柱在坡改梯工程中的应用.认为粉煤灰条形柱的应用缓解了大竹县条石紧缺矛盾,减少了对环境的污染,提高坡改梯埂坎的安砌质量和科技含量,减少劳动强度,降低工程造价,减少水土流失,美化周边环境,应扩大粉煤灰条形柱的应用范围.     

Effect of freezing and thawing processes on some physical properties of saline–sodic soils mixed with sewage sludge or fly ash

Dispersion of saline–sodic soils was rather difficult to leach. Therefore, negative effects of freeze–thaw on soil physical properties should be reduced by inexpensive and practical methods. This study investigates the effect of freeze–thaw cycles (3, 6, and 9) on wet aggregate stability, bulk density, and permeability coefficient in three soils with different electrical conductivity and exchangeable sodium percentage levels (soil I: 5.30 dS m⁻¹, 47.51%; soil II: 42.80 dS m⁻¹, 55.45%; soil III: 36.30 dS m⁻¹, 59.34%) which consist of different proportions of sewage sludge and fly ash by volume (10%, 20%, and 30%). The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions using disturbed and non-cropped soil samples mixed with sewage sludge and fly ash. Soils mixed with sewage sludge produced higher aggregate stability and permeability coefficients and lower bulk density values as compared to the soils mixed with fly ash. Sewage sludge added with a rate of 30% eliminated the negative effects of freeze–thaw processes on wet aggregate stability. Freeze–thaw processes did not affect the bulk density of the soils II and III, which were mixed with sewage sludge. However, fly ash addition decreased the bulk density of these soils very significantly after nine freeze–thaw cycles. Addition of sewage sludge or fly ash with rates of 20% and 30% significantly increased the permeability coefficients in soil I after nine freeze–thaw cycles. Results indicated that addition of sewage sludge and/or fly ash to saline–sodic soils could be alternative way for reducing negative effects of freezing–thawing on soil wet aggregate stability, bulk density, and permeability coefficient.     

长江三角洲地区城市污泥对蚯蚓的急性毒性效应

应用滤纸法和自然土壤法测定了长江三角洲地区城市污泥及其与青紫泥混合后对蚯蚓的急性致死效应及慢性毒性效应。结果表明:滤纸法测定的污泥对蚯蚓的毒性症状出现快且严重,不同污泥对蚯蚓的毒性大小差别较大,致死中浓度(LC50)相对应的污泥与水比值(Rsw-LC50)范围在0.0010～0.0242之间。在供试的城市污泥中,上海贮泥池污泥对蚯蚓的毒性最大,上海脱水污泥5对蚯蚓的毒性最小。自然土壤法测定的污泥与土壤作用后对蚯蚓的毒性结果为:所有处理蚯蚓死亡率均为0,各污泥处理对蚯蚓体重增长率的影响差别不大,个别污泥处理蚯蚓体重增长率比对照处理低,即对蚯蚓的体重有负增长影响。与滤纸法各处理相比,中毒症状较轻微,仅极个别中毒症状较明显。与污泥的水浸液相比,污泥与土壤作用后对蚯蚓的毒性大大降低。     

面向国家级生态市建设的深圳市水资源可持续利用对策研究

随着经济社会的快速发展,深圳市水资源紧缺矛盾日益突出。介绍了深圳市的水资源现状和水资源开发利用情况,按照国家级生态市建设和可持续发展要求,分析了当前深圳市水资源开发利用所面临的问题。提出了构建节水型产业体系,加强污水处理设施建设,优化配置水源,完善水资源管理体系等水资源可持续利用对策。     

Soil quality indices for evaluation of long‐term land use and soil management practices in semi‐arid sub‐tropical India

Land use changes and soil management can potentially alter soil quality. A study was conducted to assess the long‐term (>20 years) effects of perennial trees (PT), vegetable crops (VC), rice–wheat (RW) system, sewage‐irrigated fields (SF), maize–wheat (MW) system and uncultivated soils (US) on soil quality. Soil physical quality parameters were significantly affected only in the SF system when compared with the US soil, particularly for bulk density (BD 1·51 Mg m⁻³ in SF vs. 1·34 in US). Among chemical parameters, electrical conductivity was high in SF, and soil nutrients (N, P, K, S, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn) were well above the critical limits of deficiency in all the systems. Soil parameters were integrated into soil quality indices (SQIs) by unscreened transformation and principal component analysis (PCA). SQI observed under each system were compared with the US to assess the degree of degradation. Mean SQI differences showed that PT (+16·02 per cent), VC (+4·80 per cent), RW (+10·04 per cent), and MW (+11·30 per cent) are aggrading, whereas SF (−2·06 per cent) is degrading with respect to the reference soil (US). Adoption of MW system proved to be better than traditional RW; and in general agricultural crops have a significant advantage than VC, in terms of maintaining soil quality. Sewage irrigation is not a sustainable practice and long‐term use may degrade the soil. Among the SQIs, PCA with nonlinear scoring function (NLSF) based SQI was effective in judging land degradation due to soil quality changes as affected by long‐term land use and soil management practices. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

亚适低温影响植物生长及氮营养的分子生理机制研究进展

早春低温是限制植物生长的环境因子之一,低温胁迫将导致作物严重减产、品质下降、养分利用效率降低。目前,相关研究多关注于温度在15℃以下的植物生理及分子调控过程网络。增施氮肥或激素等能提高植物耐寒能力,总结了亚适低温对植物的生长表型、代谢生理以及氮利用的影响,讨论了植物响应亚适低温并调控氮吸收利用的生物学机制,以期为深入解析植物在亚适低温下的氮高效利用及其分子生理机制提供参考。     

施用南荻生物炭对水稻养分利用特征的影响

为实现南荻秸秆炭化利用,缓解洞庭湖区因秸秆处置不当造成的环境压力,评估南荻生物炭农用增效潜力,本研究选用南方第四纪红土母质发育的红黄泥和花岗岩母质发育的麻砂泥水稻土,设置6个不同用量的南荻秸秆生物炭处理（质量比0、1%、2%、4%、6%和8%,0~20 cm土层）,采用水稻盆栽试验,探究南荻秸秆生物炭不同施用量对两种类型土壤水稻养分利用特征的影响。结果表明,南荻秸秆生物炭不同施用量和土壤类型对水稻各器官及地上部干物质累积、养分吸收均有影响。与不添加生物炭相比,添加生物炭处理下的麻砂泥和红黄泥水稻地上部干质量分别提高了0.6%~18.6%和15.5%~42.4%;添加4%生物炭的麻砂泥水稻地上部氮、磷和钾养分累积量分别提高了 8.6%、10.5%和 82.5%,红黄泥水稻分别提高了 33.8%、100.0%和 125.3%;二次回归方程与肥炭耦合模型拟合表明,麻砂泥和红黄泥水稻氮素利用的生物炭适宜添加量分别为2.51%和4.80%,磷素利用的生物炭适宜添加量分别为 4.33%和 7.03%,钾素利用的生物炭适宜添加量分别为 4.67%和 4.81%。因此,施用南荻生物炭有利于促进水稻氮磷钾养分累积和生长,生物炭添加量与土壤条件是影响肥炭耦合效应的重要影响因素。     

政策认知、执行力度与资源化利用满意度——基于河北省380家生猪养殖主体调研数据(上)

参与主体对于政策的评价是衡量政策实施效果的重要指标，探明政策参与主体满意度影响因素有助于了解主体自身需求，从而提高政策实施水平。文章基于对河北省380家生猪养殖主体调研数据，运用多元有序Logistic回归方法，分析生猪养殖主体自身政策认知以及相关政策执行力度对畜禽养殖主体废弃物资源化利用满意度的影响。结果表明：养殖主体资源化利用政策了解程度能够显著提升其资源化利用政策满意度；仅考虑养殖主体政策参与力度，随着参与力度增加，满意度亦会显著提升。但综合考虑其他因素，参与力度对于满意度提升效果则不再显著；养殖主体感知政策执行力度增加不利于政策满意度提升。此外，生猪养殖主体废弃物资源化利用政策了解程度增加，可以显著提升其报告资源化利用政策“满意”可能性。而单纯提高资源化利用政策执行力度并不能显著提高养殖主体资源化利用政策满意度。因此，要提高养殖主体政策满意度，应多渠道提升宣传力度，鼓励养殖主体积极参与，提高其参与意识，不断改善现有政策执行方式。     

面向医院在线信息服务的用户利用行为及影响因素研究——以河北省为例

[目的/意义]随着数字时代发展,许多传统医疗机构打造了一系列以患者为中心的线上用户服务项目,但其实际被利用情况、效果以及影响因素还有待进一步考证。[方法/过程]本研究以河北省10家三甲医院为例,调查医院提供的在线服务渠道、类型及具体内容,并进一步探究有医疗需求的患者及家属利用医院在线服务的影响因素。[结果/结论]研究发现,当前医院在线服务主要通过官方网站、微信公众号、微信小程序、支付宝生活号等4类渠道,提供智能分诊、线上线下问诊、个人线上健康管理、缴费管理、疫情应对等17项主要服务内容。用户的年龄、教育程度,以及感知平台服务效用、信息效用、努力期望、社会影响、感知风险等因素,对用户利用医院在线服务有多维度影响。     

盐城市农业废弃物资源化利用的现状、存在问题及建议

为治理农村污染,农业部明确了“一控、两减、三基本”的目标,主要是通过资源化利用的办法从根本上“控制农业用水的总量,减少化肥农药的施用总量,解决畜禽养殖污染、地膜回收和秸秆焚烧等问题”。阐述总结盐城市农作物秸秆能源化、肥料化、基料化、饲料化和工业原料化方面的利用,畜禽水产养殖污染治理和农业投入品等废弃物资源利用的进展,分析目前存在的问题,并提出下一阶段的工作建议。