Edwardsiellosis in farmed turbot,Scophthalmus maximus (L.), associated with an unusual variant of Edwardsiella tarda: a clinical,aetiological and histopathological study

During 2005 and 2010, a survey of edwardsiellosis on eight turbot, Scophthalmus maximus (L.), farms was conducted in China. This report presents the detailed results of the study on this disease. Diseased turbot displayed two distinct types of gross signs: black discoloration of the dorsal skin on the posterior portion of the body; and red cutaneous foci on the ventral side. Internally, the most pronounced clinical signs in all fish examined were enlarged kidneys. The causal agent of the disease was finally proved to be one species of bacterium that was identified as Edwardsiella tarda by physiological and biochemical tests, API 32E and 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis. It is noteworthy that unlike the commonly described E. tarda strains, the isolates in this study were non‐motile strains without flagella. A histopathological study revealed that E. tarda infection was systemic in turbot and that kidney showed the most significant pathological changes, including acute focal necrosis, an influx of macrophages and formation of granuloma. The most common histopathological characteristics of this disease are the proliferation of macrophage in various organs and formation of granuloma. In addition, this article also gave background information on the disease and presented the results of virulence tests with the E. tarda strain identified in this study.     

Blood and liver biopsy for the non‐destructive screening of tilapia lake virus

Detection of tilapia lake virus (TiLV) in tilapines is mainly from visceral organs of killed fish. However, lethal sampling might not be viable to broodstock and economically important ornamental cichlids. To contribute towards screening of the virus in asymptomatic infected fish, a subclinically infected population of Nile tilapia adults obtained from a local farm was preliminarily tested to compare different non‐lethal sampling methods, for example liver biopsy, gill biopsy, fin clip, mucus, faeces and blood for detection of TiLV. Only liver and blood samples gave positive results by PCR. Since blood sampling is relatively simpler, it was further used for five naturally co‐cultured juvenile fish species from above‐mentioned farm including 40 red tilapia broodstock and 20 Nile tilapia adults from two other different farms. The results showed that from the tested fish, 4 of 5 Nile tilapia, 2 of 5 hybrid red tilapia and 3 of 5 giant gourami blood samples tested positive, while 38 of 40 blood samples of red tilapia tested positive for TiLV in second‐step PCR. Sequencing representative PCR amplicons of positive samples confirmed sequence identity to TiLV. In conclusion, both blood and liver biopsy are practical non‐destructive sampling platforms for TiLV screening in cichlids with blood being more convenient, especially for tilapia broodstock.     

后金融危机时代中小企业财务危机预警管理

2008年的全球性金融危机给我国中小企业带来了巨大的冲击，绝大多数中小企业陷入了财务困境，甚至破产倒闭。在后金融危机时代，我们应该吸取经验教训，提高中小企业财务危机意识，加强财务危机的预警，防患于未然，因此建立中小企业财务危机预警模型成为刻不容缓的任务之一。文章尝试在传统的基于功效系数法下构建的中小企业财务危机预警模型中加入了关键性的非财务指标，试图通过定量与定性指标的结合，以期增加模型的全面性与准确性。     

Systemic View on Heading and Overwintering: Are They Always Opposed?

The study investigated the cultivars of non‐obligatorily requiring vernalization plant Festulolium braunii and assessed the influence of non‐hardy reproductive and hardy vegetative structures on overwintering effect. The study was conducted taking into account systemic relations between these types of structures. The results show the cultivars differ according to the percentage of headed and overwintered plants, when the cultivars with the most abundant heading – ‘Felopa’ and ‘Sulino’ – are also better at overwintering. The positive correlation between heading and overwintering characteristics was also observed, what seemed to be a rather new finding. It can be explained by systemic effect: non‐hardy later reproductive structures induce the post‐generative regrowth of vegetative shoots, which during shorter days halt development and become potentially hardy. More detailed interpretation is also provided including discussion of causal mechanisms of the detected phenomenon. The authors suppose that these mechanisms constitute a survival strategy for such perennial plants. The observed late heading which represents reproductive structures could be applied in plant breeding as a marker of winter‐hardiness among perennial grass plants which non‐obligatorily demand vernalization.     

非调质钢分类的研究

目前非调质钢应用中存在钢种较多、钢号繁杂的问题，因此，有必要对共进行分类。本文提出可以分别根据非调质钢的发展阶段、显微组织、碳含量、合金元素含量的不同来进行分类，这些新的分类方法可用于指导非调质钢的生产管理。     

Risks to the aquatic ecosystem from the application of Metarhizium anisopliae for locust control in Australia

Laboratory tests of Metarhizium anisopliae var acridum Driver & Milner, at a dose of 1.3 x 10(6) conidia ml-1, had no adverse effects on nymphs of mayfly, Ulmerophlebia sp or 8-week-old fry of the rainbow fish, Melanotaenia duboulayi Castelnau. This dose was toxic to the cladoceran, Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard, causing 100% mortality in 48 h. When this test was repeated at doses of up to 6.7 x 10(3) conidia ml-1, there was only 5% mortality after 192 h. Spraying of artificial water sources with a very high dose of the fungus as an aqueous spray resulted in 80-130 conidia ml-1 at 15 cm depth in the first 24 h after spraying. The conidia rapidly settled out and were absent from the top 15 cm layer of water after about 50 h. A similar experiment using the oil formulation as used in field control resulted in a 2- to 20-fold lower level of conidia in the water. Finally, sampling actual water sources in spray areas revealed a very low level of contamination of the water, with a maximum mean level of 29 conidia ml-1 in the first 24 h after treatment. Thus the level of conidia likely to enter water during control campaigns is a small fraction of that required to kill cladocerans, the only sensitive non-target organism tested. It is concluded that the biopesticide is very unlikely to pose any hazard to aquatic organisms.     

非电类工科专业《电子技术》课程教学改革的探究

对当前非电类工科专业在《电子技术》课程教学中存在的问题进行了阐述，并结合作者自己的教学经验探讨了非电类工科专业《电子技术》课程的内容设簧和教学方法。提出了教学内容应与所学专业相结合，提高学生学习的积极性与自觉性。并介绍了一些具体的改革方法，实践证明其改革效果较好。     

生物炭对干旱胁迫下咖啡苗生长及非结构性碳水化合物的影响

为明确在干旱胁迫下施用生物炭对咖啡苗生长及非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）含量的影响，以正常水分处理（W1：土壤水分为最大持水量的65%~70%，不施用生物炭；W2：土壤水分为最大持水量的65%~70%，施用相当于烘干土质量5%的生物炭）为对照，设置不同生物炭处理（D1：不施生物炭；D2：施用量为干土质量的5%）下进行持续干旱与复水的盆栽试验，干旱与复水共设4个处理，分别为持续干旱9 d（DL）、持续干旱13 d（DS）、持续干旱9 d+复水后3 d（DL+R）、持续干旱13 d+复水后3 d（DS+R），分析各器官（根、茎、叶）干物质量、NSC组分含量及其质量的变化。结果表明：与正常水分处理（W1）相比，持续干旱9 d时（DL），D1处理咖啡苗叶的可溶性糖含量、淀粉含量和NSC比率分别下降22.5%、21.1%和21.1%，根的可溶性糖含量和NSC比率分别显著提高8.7%和62.8%，茎的可溶性糖含量和NSC比率分别显著提高22.0%和28.2%。持续干旱13 d时（DS），D1处理较W1处理的根、茎、叶干质量和总干物质量分别下降30.6%、22.2%、34.8%和30.8%，叶的NSC含量和NSC比率分别下降23.7%和16.4%，根的NSC含量和NSC比率分别增加33.8%和57.9%；生物炭处理（D2）较不施生物炭的处理（D1）总干质量增加16.7%，根的NSC含量和茎的NSC比率分别下降18.0%和24.1%，叶的NSC含量和NSC比率分别增加22.8%和15.0%。持续干旱9 d复水后3 d时（DL+R），生物炭处理（D2）对各器官NSC含量恢复作用显著，且与正常水分处理（W1）间无显著差异；干旱13 d复水后3 d时（DS+R），不施生物炭处理（D1）的咖啡苗生长未恢复，而生物炭处理（D2）对咖啡苗恢复作用显著，D2较D1处理的总干质量增加20.3%，叶的NSC含量增加22.7%，根和茎的NSC含量分别下降11.8%和15.3%。可见，施用生物炭是增强咖啡抗旱性和减缓咖啡NSC组分剧烈变化的有效途径。     

草鱼巨噬细胞的集结及相关的组织变化

给草鱼腹腔注射细微炭粒（墨汁）后不同时间取样，比较观察了草鱼胸腺、肝、脾、头肾和肾组织中巨噬细胞集结（ｍ ａｃｒｏｐｈａｇｅ ａｇｇｒｅｇａｔｉｏｎ ， Ｍ Ａ）状况及相应组织的变化。结果表明，在头肾和脾组织中， Ｍ Ａ 的数量和体积均较肝和肾中的多而大，胸腺中所产生的 Ｍ Ａ 数量较肝和肾中的少，体积也小；注射墨汁后 １～３ 周内，在胸腺、头肾、肝和脾组织中， Ｍ Ａ 的数量和体积均有不同程度的增加，但在注射墨汁后第 ４ 周的肾组织中， Ｍ Ａ 的体积缩小而且密度降低，同时肾组织结构有逐渐恢复的趋势，可能是由于 Ｍ Ａ 分解后通过肾小球和肾小管排泄到膀胱或体外的缘故。对草鱼 Ｍ Ａ 的组织分布、排除等分析认为， Ｍ Ａ 可作为草鱼非特异细胞防御作用的解剖学和细胞学的一种生物标记。