流固耦合作用对离心泵内外特性的影响

应用双向流固耦合方法对导叶式离心泵的外特性和内流场进行分析,研究流固耦合作用对外特性影响的内流机理。流场的定常数值模拟采用雷诺时均方法和标准k-ε湍流模型,非定常数值模拟采用大涡模拟方法,结构响应采用线性瞬态动力学方程。通过对流固耦合前后内部流场的对比,包括叶轮出口处的总压分布和相对速度分布,分析了流固耦合作用对外特性预测值影响的内流机理。同时,对叶轮出口处的压力脉动进行了分析。结果表明,流固耦合作用产生的叶轮变形,尤其是叶轮出口处的较大变形是导致离心泵外特性预测值变化的主要原因。考虑流固耦合作用后,叶轮出口处压力脉动周期性变化的总体趋势与非流固耦合结果基本一致,但振幅更大。考虑流固耦合作用后的最大压力脉动幅值提高了3.1%。研究结果为离心泵性能预测及流动诱导振动的研究提供参考。     

垂直流-水平潜流一体化人工湿地对菜地废水的净化效果

广州市番禺区东升农场菜地废水未经处理直接排入水生植物塘,最终流入附近河流,由于菜地废水水质较差,对其造成了严重的污染,严重威胁了附近居民的饮水安全。为了提高菜地出水水质,减轻对河流的污染,通过构建垂直流-水平潜流一体化人工湿地,对菜地废水进行净化处理。湿地经过9个月的运行,结果显示,湿地对COD、NH4＋-N和TP的平均去除率分别达56.40%、79.09%和79.79%以上,COD、NH4＋-N和TP出水平均浓度分别为9.45、0.47mg.L-1和0.06mg.L-1,均达到《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）Ⅱ类水质标准。湿地对TN的平均去除率较低,仅为35.08%,通过补充甘蔗叶作为碳源,湿地对TN的平均去除率显著提高,但随着碳源投加量的增加,去除率逐渐降低。本实验碳源投加量以1.62kg.m-3为宜,TN的平均去除率最高,达80.85%,出水TN平均浓度从3.06mg.L-1降低至0.90mg.L-1。     

超临界CO2干燥罗非鱼片的传质模型和数值模拟

为了探讨超临界CO2干燥罗非鱼的机理,该文基于微分床的质量守恒定律建立了超临界CO2干燥罗非鱼片的传质数学模型,通过Matlab软件对其干燥过程进行了数值模拟,分析了干燥室内超临界CO2中的溶质质量分数和罗非鱼片中的溶质质量分数随干燥时间和干燥床高度变化的规律,揭示溶质在超临界CO2干燥过程中的传质模式。结果表明:在超临界CO2干燥罗非鱼片的过程中,溶质传质主要以对流扩散为主,而以轴向扩散为辅;数值模拟的结果与试验值拟合良好(R2=0.97),相对偏差的绝对值在10%以内,说明建立的传质数学模型能较好的模拟超临界CO2干燥罗非鱼片的过程。研究结果可为超临界CO2干制罗非鱼片的工业化生产的过程控制提供参考。     

安徽省省会经济圈水源地生态补偿环境调查分析

生态补偿已经成为当前全社会所广泛关注的热点问题。该文从水源地农村居民认知和态度的角度,调查皖西大别山水源地居民对安徽省省会经济圈生态补偿政策的意愿、补偿标准、补偿后收入的变化、补偿方式的接受意愿。对352份的调查分析结果显示:76.3%的居民对主体功能区水资源的生态补偿政策配合、大力支持和倡导宣传。77.5%水源地居民认为水资源生态补偿标准由水费价格或经济发展水平而定,34.5%的水源地居民认为生态补偿政策实施会改善生活。生态补偿金多数用在投入农业生产方面。34.9%的农户认为生态补偿金应由省政府或经济圈机构来发放,38.9%的农户认为生态补偿金由经济圈内的受益企业和事业单位来支付。从生态补偿方式的意愿来看,67.7%的农户愿意通过技术培训满足外出打工需要或发展补偿产业。在对水源地生态补偿环境调查分析的基础上,提出了生态补偿机制的实施对策。     

三峡库区低碳农业发展模式与减排对策

在对三峡库区自然环境及生态农业发展存在问题分析的基础上,运用类比方法估算了三峡库区农业系统温室气体的排放量,结果显示2008年三峡库区耕地CO2,CH4,N2O的排放量分别为10,7,0.5万t/a。在此基础上进一步提出了山地综合立体开发模式、立体生态渔业养殖模式、水土流失综合防治模式、特色循环生态农业复合模式4种低碳农业发展模式及相应的减排对策。     

神府矿区复垦土地土壤微量元素有效性影响因素研究

为了研究矿区不同复垦条件下,复垦土地土壤中有效微量元素与土壤环境的关系,采用实地试验与实验室分析相结合的方法,研究了不同复垦时间和复垦措施条件下土壤有效铜(Cu)、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)、锌(Zn)4种微量元素有效态含量与土壤环境之间的关系。结果表明,研究区内土壤有效微量元素含量总体属于极低水平;土壤环境整体呈碱性,土壤pH值均在8.5以上,且变异系数属于小变异;土壤有机质无论是在不同恢复年限条件下,还是在不同治理措施条件下,其变异系数均属于高度变异。土壤环境与土壤有效微量元素相关关系分析结果表明,土壤pH值与土壤有效微量元素呈负相关关系,有效锰、有效铜与土壤pH值的相关性较高;土壤有机质与土壤有效微量元素呈正相关关系,其中有效锌、有效铜与土壤有机质含量的相关性较高。     

Effects of long-term treatments of different organic fertilizers complemented with chemical N fertilizer on the chemical and biological properties of soils

Continuous cultivation has been known to decrease soil organic matter content. Application of organic matter to cultivated soil is an important practice from the point of view of maintaining an adequate amount of soil organic matter. Soil organic matter content significantly affects soil microbial activity, which is an important index of soil quality. In this study, a field experiment was conducted to examine the long-term effects of different kinds of organic matter in combination with inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer on chemical and biological properties of soils. There were seven treatments, namely (1) CK (without fertilization), (2) Chem-N (applying chemical N fertilizer only), (3) Comp (applying compost with the same rate of N as the Chem-N treatment), (4) Comp + l/3 N (applying compost complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment), (5) Comp + 2/3 N (applying compost complemented with 66% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment), (6) GM + 1/3 N (applying green manure complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment) and (7) Peat + 1/3 N (applying peat complemented with 33% of the chemical N fertilizer of the Chem-N treatment). After continuous treatment for 12 years and with cultivation of 24 crops on the same area, soils were sampled for analyses of chemical and biological properties, enzymatic activities and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles. The results showed that compared with CK and Chem-N treatments, applications of compost and peat increased soil organic carbon (SOC) content and altered microbial activities and microbial community structure. However, application of green manure for 12 years had no effect on SOC content. Both microbial activities and PLFA profiles were clearly dependent on the characteristics of the applied organic amendments. In summary, a peat application led to the highest increase in SOC content compared to compost and green manure; however, compost-treated soil had a higher microbial population and higher microbial and enzyme activities, while the effects of both green manure and chemical N fertilizer on soil properties were similar.     

Impact of land use on nitrogen concentration in groundwater and river water

Abstract

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of land use on nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N) in shallow groundwater (G-N) and total nitrogen (N) in river water (R-N). The study area consisted of 26 watersheds (1342 km²) covering 72% of Kagawa Prefecture in Japan. We estimated G-N specific concentrations, which showed the magnitude of the upland fields, paddy fields, forests and urban land-use contributions to watershed-mean G-N. G-N specific concentrations were gained as partial regression coefficients using a multiple regression analysis of the watershed-mean G-N concentrations and the land-use ratios in each of the 26 watersheds. The results showed that the G-N specific concentration, which was gained as the partial regression coefficient for the multiple regression analysis, was 15.2 mg L^?1, 10.3 mg L^?1, 2.3 mg L^?1 and 2.5 mg L^?1 for the upland fields, paddy fields, forests and urban land-use types, respectively. R-N pollution load runoff to the river mouth was calculated by multiplying R-N specific concentration (previously reported) by river flow at the river mouth. Similarly, G-N pollution load arrival to groundwater was calculated by multiplying G-N specific concentration by the groundwater flow. The R-N pollution load runoff was 19.3 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 7.7 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 1.7 kg ha^?1 y^?1 and 7.6 kg ha^?1 y^?1, while the G-N pollution load arrival was 7.3 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 5.0 kg ha^?1 y^?1, 1.1 kg ha^?1 y^?1 and 1.2 kg ha^?1 y^?1, for upland fields, paddy fields, forests and urban areas, respectively. These results showed that the N in river water and groundwater was derived mainly from runoff and leaching from croplands. Therefore, the relationships between watershed-mean non-absorbed, applied nitrogen (NAA-N: nitrogen applied to cropland via fertilizer and manure without being absorbed by crops), R-N concentration and watershed-mean G-N concentration were investigated. A curvilinear correlation was observed between NAA-N and R-N concentrations (r² = 0.68) except for one small, high-density, urban watershed, and a weak linear correlation was observed between NAA-N and G-N concentrations (r² = 0.42).     

Emission of dimethyl sulfide,carbonyl sulfide,and carbon bisulfide from paddy fields

Abstract

Emission rates of dimethyl sulficle (DMS), carbonyl sulfide (COS), and carbon disulfide (CS₂) to the atmosphere from paddy fields at Ryugasaki, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan were measured by using the closed chamber method. DMS was emitted mainly through the rice plant and its emission rate was much higher than those of COS and CS₂. During a cropping period COS was slightly absorbed by the rice plant. Significant diurnal and seasonal variations of DMS iuxes were observed. The highest DMS iux was observed immediately after the heading day of rice plant. The annual DMS emission rate was in the order of mineral plot > straw plot > no-N plot, ranging from 4.5 to 6.9 mg S m^-2 yr^-1. The annual COS emission rate was in the order of straw plot > no-N plot > mineral plot, ranging from -0.2 to 1.8 mg S m^-2 yr^-1. The annual CS₂ emission rate was slightly higher in the straw plot, ranging from 0.9 to 2.0 mg S m^-2 yr^-1.     

Density separation of soil organic matter across three land uses in calcareous soils of Iran

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of physical and chemical fractionation in quantifying soil organic matter (SOM) in different stabilized fraction pools. Soil samples from three land use types in Lorestan province, Southwest Iran were examined to account for the amount of organic carbon and nitrogen in different SOM fractions. Size/density separation and chemical oxidation methods were applied to separate the SOM fractions including particulate organic matter (POM), Si + C (silt and clay), DOC (dissolved organic C), rSOM (oxidation-resistant organic carbon and nitrogen) and S + SA (sand and stable aggregates). The values obtained for TOC, TN, and HWC were highest in forest lands followed by the range and agricultural lands. Among the SOM fractions, S + SA showed the highest values (5.75, 5.77 and 20.6 g kg^?1 for agriculture, range and forest lands respectively) followed by POM, Si + C, rSOM, and DOC. The concentrations of C and N in the labile fractions obtained the higher values than in the stabilized fractions. Forest lands had the highest amounts of organic C and N among all fractions whereas agricultural lands showed highest values for inorganic C content of soils in different fractions.