Water production functions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) irrigated with saline and alkali waters using double-line source sprinkler system

Expected yield losses as a function of quality and quantity of water applied for irrigation are required to formulate guidelines for the effective utilisation of marginal quality waters. In an experiment conducted during 2004-2006, double-line source sprinklers were used to determine the separate and interactive effects of saline and alkali irrigation waters on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The study included three water qualities: groundwater (GW; electrical conductivity of water, ECw 3.5 dS m⁻¹; sodium adsorption ratio, SAR 9.8 mmol L⁻¹; residual sodium carbonate, RSC, nil) available at the site, and two synthesized waters, saline (SW; ECw 9.4 dS m⁻¹, SAR 10.3 mmol L⁻¹; RSC nil) and alkali (AW; ECw 3.7 dS m⁻¹, SAR 15.1 mmol L⁻¹; RSC 9.6 meq. L⁻¹). The depths of applied SW, AW, and GW per irrigation ranged from 0.7 to 3.5 cm; the depths of applied mixtures of GW with either SW (MSW) or AW (MAW) ranged from 3.2 to 5 cm. Thereby, the water applied for post-plant irrigations using either of GW, SW or AW ranged between 15.2 and 34.6 cm and 17.1 and 48.1 cm during 2004-2005 and 2005-2006, respectively and the range was 32.1-37.0 and 53.1-60.0 cm for MSW or MAW. Grain yields, when averaged for two years, ranged between 3.08 and 4.36 Mg ha⁻¹, 2.57 and 3.70 Mg ha⁻¹ and 2.73 and 3.74 Mg ha⁻¹ with various quantities of water applied using GW, SW and AW, respectively, and between 3.47 and 3.75 Mg ha⁻¹ and 3.63 and 3.77 Mg ha⁻¹ for MSW and MAW, respectively. The water production functions developed for the two sets of water quality treatments could be represented as: RY = 0.528 + 0.843(WA/OPE) − 0.359(WA/OPE)² − 0.027ECw + 0.44 × 10⁻²(WA/OPE) × ECw for SW (R² = 0.63); RY = 0.446 + 0.816(OPE/WA) − 0.326(WA/OPE)² − 0.0124RSC − 0.55 × 10⁻⁴(WA/OPE) × RSC for AW (R² = 0.56). Here, RY, WA and OPE are the relative yields in reference to the maximum yield obtained with GW, water applied for pre- and post-plant irrigations (cm), and open pan evaporation, respectively. Crop yield increased with increasing amount of applied water for all of the irrigation waters but the maximum yields as obtained with GW, could not be attained even with increased quantities of SW and AW. Increased frequency of irrigation with sprinklers reduced the rate of yield decline with increasing salinity in irrigation water. The sodium contents of plants increased with salinity/alkalinity of sprinkled waters as also with their quantities. Simultaneous decrease in potassium contents resulted in remarkable increase in Na:K ratio.     

车内噪声分析与控制研

利用互易性原理,提出了一种空气声传播路径实验方法.首先测得各声源对于车内噪声的传递函数,进而得到各声源对于车内噪声的贡献度.根据声源识别结果,对汽车车身进行吸声、隔声设计,结果表明,车内地板隔声量从前向后分别提高了1.83～9.74 dB(A),汽车车内噪声下降了4.7 dB(A).     

超临界脱除茶叶咖啡因的优化工艺

以完整茶叶为研究对象,通过单因素实验和正交实验研究萃取压力、萃取温度、夹带剂浓度、夹带剂用量4因素对咖啡因脱除率的影响,优化了超临界脱除茶叶咖啡因的工艺条件,即萃取压力35MPa、萃取温度80℃、浓度70%的乙醇作为夹带剂,其用量与茶叶的质量比为1.2∶1时脱除率最高,达到48.96,以此达到提高茶叶品质和价值的目的.     

新疆棉花超高产光合生理基础研究

1996～ 1999年对新疆棉花超高产 (皮棉 2 2 50kg·hm-2 以上 )光合性能研究结果表明 ,盛铃期群体光合速率 (CAP)生育期变化为单峰型曲线 ,盛花结铃期达最大值 4 .0 5gCO2 ·m-2 h-1 ,平均值为 2 .63gCO2 ·m-2 h-1 ,盛花、结铃、吐絮期的 CAP 与生物学产量、皮棉产量呈显著正相关。盛铃期叶面积指数最大值为 3 .7～ 3 .9。一天内棉叶净光合时间长达 13 .5h,早晚比普遍棉田光合延长 2 0min左右。未发现光合午休和光饱和现象。高产棉田夜间 (2 1:2 0 )呼吸速率最大值为 4 .33mgCO2 ·dm-2 h-1 ,平均值为 3 .0 0mgCO2 ·dm-2 h-1 ,分别比普通棉田低2 2 %和 17.6 % ,扣除呼吸消耗 ,净光合比普通棉田高 58.4 %。其呼吸消耗占白天总光合的 8.4 %。低于普通棉田 15.5 % ,也低于内地棉区 12 %～ 2 0 %。新疆高产棉田群体的库容量增加 ,光合产物的贮备能力强 ,生物学产量高达 1.14× 10 4～ 1.44× 10 4kg·hm-2 ,有效铃 (5g以上 )高达 12 0×10 4个·hm-2 ,经济系数 41.52 %～ 44 .1% ;单位叶面积的果节数、有效铃、生殖器官干重分别为10 4～ 137个·m-2 ,32～ 49个·m-2 ,0 .2 30 3～0 .3361kg·m-2 。源强库大 ,源库协调是新疆棉花高产的生理基础。     

邻菲口罗啉化学修饰碳糊电极三元络合物体系测定痕量钴

制备了邻菲口罗啉化学修饰碳糊电极,在含噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮的ＨＡｃ－ＮａＡｃ体系中,Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）离子经化学富集在电极表面上形成三元络合物．采用２．５次微分伏安法测定痕量Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）离子．Ｃｏ（Ⅱ）浓度在８．０×１０－９～７．０×１０－７ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１范围内与阳极溶出峰峰高成良好的线性关系,检出限达１．２×１０－９ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１．电极用于水样中钴的测定,结果令人满意．     

Dominant sources of dietary carbon and nitrogen for shrimp reared in extensive rice-shrimp ponds

Stable isotope analysis was used to determine the sources of dietary nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) for shrimp during the rearing phase in extensive rice‐shrimp ponds in My Xuyen and Gia Rai districts, Vietnam. Farm‐made feed was added as a food source in shrimp ponds in My Xuyen district, and based on stable isotope analyses, was generally a poor dietary source. The commercial formulated feed used in Gia Rai also appeared to contribute little directly to the nutritional needs of the shrimp. In contrast, the natural biota in all ponds appeared to contribute substantially. In particular, biota from beam trawls and benthic organic matter were the most likely sources of nutrition in My Xuyen ponds, while benthic organic matter was the main source in Gia Rai ponds. δ¹⁵N ratios in the natural biota in My Xuyen farms decreased over the growing season, suggesting increased N fixation in the case of the benthic organic matter reaching values as low as 1‰. This suggests N‐limitation in the ponds and that natural biota become increasingly dependent on N fixed by algae and/or other microorganisms. There is the potential to promote the growth of the plankton and hence, the other natural biota, by the judicious addition of fertilizer.     

洋河水库流域面源污染负荷空间分布特征

为探究洋河水库流域面源污染的空间分布特征,基于气象、土地利用、农业管理等数据资料,计算2013年洋河水库流域农村生活污水、固体废弃物、畜禽养殖流失、化肥流失、水土流失污染和城镇地表径流污染6种污染来源中总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、氨氮（NH3-N）、化学耗氧量（COD）4个污染物指标排放负荷,并通过GIS空间分析反映流域内的污染分布情况。结果表明,畜禽养殖污染物排泄量对研究区污染负荷贡献最大,年产生量约51621.34 t,入河量2961.52 t,占比分别为92%和85%;从总量上看,洋河水库流域的面源污染负荷分布在西洋河支流区域范围;单位面积负荷量最大的区域是迷雾河支流区域范围。据此确定了西洋河和迷雾河流域为今后洋河水库流域面源污染重点治理的区域,此研究结果可为洋河水库流域面源污染防治及消减提供理论依据。     

Soybean molasses as an organic carbon source in the farming of Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) in a biofloc system

Soybean molasses was evaluated as a partial replacement for sugarcane molasses as a carbon source for biofloc development in the superintensive culture of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A 50‐day study was conducted with juvenile (3.2 g) shrimp stocked in 16 800 L tanks at a stocking density of 250 shrimp m^?3. Control of total ammonia concentration was performed by the addition of combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses to the culture water. Three different molasses treatments were evaluated using different soybean‐to‐sugarcane molasses ratios: 15–85%, 38–62% and 60–40% respectively. The control group was treated only with sugarcane molasses. Water quality, chlorophyll a concentration, heterotrophic bacterial load, Vibrio spp. concentration and zootechnical indexes were all evaluated. Total ammonia concentration was controlled by heterotrophic and chemotrophic pathways. Biofloc formation, as quantified by measuring the total suspended solids, was not altered. The Vibrio spp. concentration showed a significant reduction in treatments with soybean‐to‐sugarcane molasses ratios of 38–62% and 60–40%. All combined mixtures of soybean and sugarcane molasses could maintain water quality and productivity in the superintensive culture of L. vannamei using the biofloc system. Thus, the potential use of a residue from agroindustry as a carbon source in a biofloc culture is demonstrated.     

乡土阔叶树种在碳汇造林中的应用及优势分析

随着我国社会经济的发展,逐步暴露出了许多的生态环境问题.而为了维持生态的平衡,就要提高植树造林的力度,这其中碳汇造林就是植树造林工作的延伸.在碳汇造林中乡土阔叶树种发挥着重要作用,针对乡土阔叶树种在碳汇造林中的应用进行分析,对项目中出现的问题进行优化.