Summary of Ammonia and Particulate Matter Emission Factors for Poultry Operations

Limited data on pollutant emissions from poultry operations are available to assess the effect of these operations on the environment and to put their contribution in perspective with other sources of pollutants. To alleviate this problem, numerous studies at various poultry facilities have been undertaken to improve the knowledge base in quantifying emissions of NH₃ and size-fractionated particulate matter (PM). For these emission data to be of practical use for government agencies and policy makers, the emission rates must be reported as an emission factor with a production unit that enables the emissions from one poultry operation to be correlated to another poultry operation. This paper presents a compilation of NH₃ and PM emission data from several studies in the form of emission factor on a per-500 kg of live weight or animal unit basis. In addition, best management practices that lower pollutant emissions from poultry operations have been reported along with their effectiveness at reducing NH₃ and PM. Unfortunately, the compiled data were insufficient to characterize the variability in emissions caused by differences in house design, suggesting that more studies are needed to complete a comprehensive emission inventory. Once complete, this inventory will enable poultry producers to estimate emissions from their facilities and, if necessary, select management practice(s) to lessen their emissions of NH₃, PM, or both.     

机动车排放净化技术研究

机动车排放污染严重，本文简要介绍了净化机动车排放的方法．探讨了低温等离子体净化尾气的反应机理，阐述了两种低温等离子体发生器。     

森林碳汇与区域环境保护

笔者以恩施州为例,运用生物量清单法估算森林碳汇量,运用数学模型估算CO2年排放量。计算出2015年恩施州森林碳汇量100.80万t,CO2年排放量237.61万t,净排放量136.41万t。得出按目前的经济发展速度和恩施州森林年增长量,在2015年CO2不会成为恩施州经济发展的制约因素。但从环境保护这方面出发,同时考虑发展以碳汇为目的的林业经济,恩施州应该加大对森林的管理力度,实行增汇减排措施,并对恩施州森林碳汇发展方向提出相关建议与措施。     

Managing field margins for biodiversity and carbon sequestration: a Great Britain case study

Abstract. Field margins are a valuable resource in the farmed landscape, providing numerous environmental benefits. We present a preliminary analysis of the carbon mitigation potential of different field margin management options for Great Britain, calculated using data from long-term experiments and literature estimates. The carbon sequestration potential of the individual options investigated here varies from 0.1 to 2.4% of 1990 UK CO₂-C emissions, or 0.7–20% of the Quantified Emission Limitation Reduction Commitment (QELRC). The scenarios investigated covered three possible margin widths and options for the management of margins at each width (viz. grass strips, hedgerows and tree strips). Scenarios involving margin widths of 2, 6 or 20 m would require approximately 2.3, 6.7 or 21.3% of the total arable area of Great Britain, respectively. Scenarios including tree strips offered the greatest potential for carbon sequestration, since large amounts would be accumulated in above-ground biomass in addition to that in soil. We also accounted for the possible impacts of changed land management on trace gas fluxes, which indicated that any scenario involving a change from arable to grass strip, hedgerow or tree strip would significantly reduce N₂O emissions, and thus further increase carbon mitigation potential. There would also be considerable potential for including the scenarios investigated here with other strategies for the alternative management of UK arable land to identify optimal combinations. We assumed that it would take 50–100 years for soil carbon to reach a new equilibrium following a land use change. More detailed analyses need to be conducted to include environmental benefits, socioeconomic factors and the full system carbon balance.     

EMDI-UF混合胶刨花板制造工艺条件的研究

介绍了东北林业大学人造板研究所在降低人造板游离甲醛释放量的研究成果,利用可乳化异氰酸酯(EMDI)与脲醛树脂(UF)混合胶制造刨花板,使产品达到E1级标准要求。研究结果表明:混合胶的施胶量为7％,采用6％的UF和1％的EMDI是比较适合的比例。将它们混合到一起,不加酸性固化剂,搅拌均匀后喷洒到刨花上,比较适宜的板坯含水率不应超过14％,在175℃下热压4.5min,所粘结的刨花板各项性能都符合GB4897—92—等品和E1级板标准的要求。与UF胶刨花板相比,混合胶刨花板的耐水性得到明显改善,甲醛释放量可降低到7.88mg/100g板。     

节能减排视角下我国农村节能灯的推广研究

通过对湖南省部分农村地区节能灯使用现状的调查研究,分析了农村地区所出现的节能灯“不经济、不节电、不环保”等问题出现的原因,探讨了制约”白炽灯淘汰难、节能灯推广难”的障碍,提出了相应的解决策略。     

环保阻燃胶的开发

为了改善人造板的阻燃性能及降低人造板游离甲醛释放量，在引进国外先进技术基础上，历经两年的消化、吸收、创新工作，开发出一种集环保、阻燃、抑烟、胶粘于一体的环保型阻燃胶。实验室及福州人造板厂生产性试验结果表明，这种胶粘剂符合中密度纤维板生产的要求，可生产出低游离甲醛释放的阻燃中密度纤维板。初步的成本分析表明，与常用阻燃剂相比，这种阻燃胶在价格上极具优势。     

人造板甲醛释放量的对比测试

分别采用穿孔萃取法和干燥器法测试了刨花板、高密度纤维板、浸渍胶膜纸饰面刨花板和浸渍纸层压木地板的甲醛释放量。在测试中发现,用穿孔萃取法和干燥器法测甲醛释放量,两者所测得数据之间存在着一定的换算关系。