The protection of the hepatic ischemic preconditioning is concerned with the NO/ET-1 system

AIM: To study the relationship between the disturbance of nitric oxide/endothelin-1(NO/ET-1) and hepatic ischemia/reperfusion(I/R) injury as well as the regulation of NO/ET-1 system by hepatic ischemic preconditioning(IPC). METHODS: The changes of NO/ET-1 system and their relationship with hepatic I/R injury were compared between I/R group and IPC+I/R group in a rat hepatic I/R model. Two hours after reperfusion, the liver tissues were detected by RT-PCR to see whether there was inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA expression. RESULTS:In the acute phase of hepatic reperfusion, the ratio of NO/ET-1 was reduced, which was due to a significant reduction of NO₂^-/NO₃^- (the metabolic product of NO) and significant elevation of ET-1 in the blood plasma. The content of ALT, AST, LDH and TNF-α in blood plasma, and of MDA in liver tissue were increased but ATP in liver tissue was reduced, the hepatic damage was deteriorated. The protection of the hepatic IPC was concerned with the elevation of the ratio of NO/ET-1 caused by the elevation of NO₂^-/NO₃^-, and reduction of ET-1 as well. There was no iNOS mRNA detected in the liver tissues.CONCLUSION: Hepatic I/R injury is related to the disturbance of NO/ET-1. The protection of the hepatic IPC in the acute phase might be conducted by its regulation of NO/ET-1 system. The cNOS rather than the iNOS generated the NO in this situation.     

Interleukin-1β inhibits AKT to down-regulate eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells

AIM To investigate whether interleukin-1β （IL-1β） regulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase （eNOS） phosphorylation at Ser1177 site in human umbilical vein endothelial cells （HUVECs）, and to explore its possible mechanism. METHODS The HUVECs were randomly divided into normal control group, tumor necrosis factor-α （TNF-α） group, IL-1β group, IL-6 group, SC79 ［protein kinase B （PKB/AKT） specific agonist］ group and SC79+IL-1β group. Western blot was used to determine the protein levels of eNOS, p-eNOS-Ser1177, AKT and p-AKT-Ser473 in the HUVECs. Chemical colorimetry was used to detect the nitric oxide （NO） content in the culture medium of HUVECs. RESULTS No statistically significant difference of p-eNOS-Ser1177 level in HUVECs treated with TNF-α and IL-6 was observed as compared with normal control group （P>0.05）, while the protein level of p-eNOS-Ser1177 in the HUVECs and the content of NO in the culture medium of HUVECs decreased significantly in IL-1β group （P<0.05）, and the protein level of p-AKT-Ser473 in the HUVECs was decreased as compared with normal control group （P<0.05）. The AKT agonist SC79 blocked the down-regulation effect of IL-1β on p-eNOS-Ser1177 level in the HUVECs and NO content in the culture medium of HUVECs （P<0.05）. CONCLUSION IL-1β down-regulates the protein level of p-eNOS-Ser1177 in HUVECs and affects the activity of eNOS, which may be involved in AKT/eNOS signaling pathway.     

稻田N_2O排放影响因素与减排研究进展

氧化亚氮(N_2O)是稻田生态系统中一种主要的温室气体,在全球温室效应中起着很大作用。本文从稻田N_2O的产生机制、影响稻田N_2O排放的主要因素以及稻田N_2O减排的技术措施等方面综述了稻田N_2O的研究进展,并对未来开展稻田N_2O排放研究提出了一些设想,以期为减少稻田温室气体排放和氮损失提供参考。     

生物质热解气燃烧装置设计与燃烧特性试验

针对目前生物质热解气中焦油去除困难、焦油能量难以利用等问题,结合现有燃气燃烧器相关技术,开展了生物质热解气直接燃烧技术研究与试验。燃烧器理论耗气量为2~5 m~3/h,通过理论计算确定了燃烧器参数,设计了卧式燃烧室并安装烟气催化裂解装置及烟气检测装置,搭建了热解气燃烧试验平台,并对热解气的燃烧特性进行了试验研究。以花生壳为原料,在碳化温度500℃、滞留时间30 min的条件下进行连续热解碳化,产生的高温热解气直接通入燃烧设备。结果表明,燃烧设备性能较好,热解气燃烧过程稳定,燃烧效率达到98.5%,在催化剂的作用下,燃烧效率提高到98.9%,满足设计要求。     

功能膜覆盖好氧堆肥过程氨气减排性能研究

畜禽粪便高温好氧堆肥过程中氨气的排放不仅污染环境,而且会降低有机肥氮素含量。因此,控制好氧堆肥过程中氨挥发是降低氮损失及减少堆肥周边环境恶臭的关键。为研究膜覆盖对畜禽粪便好氧堆肥过程氨气挥发的影响,以猪粪和小麦秸秆为试验原料,采用具有选择渗透性的Gore膜作为覆盖材料,在实验室好氧堆肥反应器系统中进行了为期27 d的好氧堆肥试验。试验设置覆膜组和对照组,采用开启1 h、关闭1 h间歇通风方式,通风速率为3 L/min,重点监测堆肥过程堆体温度、氧浓度和NH3排放速率等。研究表明:覆膜组比对照组高温期持续时间略长,更有利于杀死堆体有害病原菌;相比于对照组,覆膜组NH3排放量减少18.87%;相比于温度峰值出现的时间,两组试验NH3峰值出现时间均延后,且覆膜组延后时间更长。     

新一代温室气体排放情景下安徽省未来气候变化预估分析

基于联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)发布的新一代排放情景,和中国气象局发布的"中国地区气候变化预估数据集V3.0",针对安徽省,笔者选择1971—2000年作为基准期,采用区域气候模式模拟的方法,对比分析安徽省未来气候变化特征,重点评估近期内即未来20年气候变化趋势。模拟结果显示,未来20年不同情景下安徽省平均气温均为上升,全省平均增温幅度约0.9~1.1℃;而降水量变化具有不同特征,较低排放情景下降水量以上升为主,高排放情景则以下降为主。到2050s全省平均气温相比于基准期将升高1.6~1.7℃,升温幅度呈现北高南低的特征;全省降水量相比于基准期将下降50~90 mm,各地降水量均呈下降趋势。另外,通过对降水和气温的模拟,预估未来该地区旱涝演替更加频繁,高温热浪等事件也将进一步频发。     

Exogenous application of melatonin improves plant resistance to virus infection

In this study, melatonin (MEL)-mediated plant resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) was examined to study local infection in Nicotiana glutinosa and systemic infection in Solanum lycopersicum. Exogenous application of 100 µm MEL increased anti-virus infection activity to 37.4% in virus-infected N. glutinosa plants. The same treatment significantly reduced relative levels of virus RNA analysed by qRT-PCR and virus titres measured by dot-ELISA, and increased the relative expression levels of the PR1 and PR5 genes analysed by qRT-PCR, in virus-infected S. lycopersicum. MEL treatment induced considerable accumulations of salicylic acid (SA) and nitric oxide (NO) but did not significantly affect production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in the virus-infected S. lycopersicum plants. Transgenic nahG N. tabacum was used to determine whether MEL-induced TMV resistance was dependent on the SA pathway. The results showed that the relative RNA level of the TMV analysed by qRT-PCR and virus titres analysed by dot-ELISA were not reduced by the MEL treatment in the nahG transgenic N. tabacum seedlings treated twice with 100 µm MEL. The increased relative expression levels of PR1 and PR5 were greatly reduced when cPTIO, an NO scavenger, was included in the MEL treatment. A working model of MEL-mediated plant resistance to TMV is proposed. MEL-mediated plant resistance to viruses provides a new avenue to control plant viral diseases.     

不同氮素水平下有机物料添加对陇中黄土高原旱作农田N2O排放特征的影响

为了探究不同用量氮肥配施生物质炭或小麦秸秆对旱作农田N₂O排放通量的影响,在陇中黄土高原半干旱区连续进行4年不同氮素水平配施不同有机物料的田间定位试验,试验以3种施氮用量（不施氮肥、50 kg（N）·hm^-2氮肥、100 kg（N）·hm^-2氮肥）配施2种有机物料（小麦秸秆S、生物质炭B）及无有机物料 (C)共组成9个处理,于2016年11月—2017年10月,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,对N₂O通量进行全年内连续观测。研究结果表明：观测期内,各处理N₂O年平均通量大小排序SN100>CN100>SN50>CN50>BN100>SNO>BN50>CN0>BN0,各处理N₂O排放通量变化趋势一致;相较N0处理（CN0、SN0、BN0）的年平均排放通量,N50（CN50、SN50、BN50）和N100（CN100、SN100、BN100）处理分别增加了6.92%和10.03%。相较CN0、CN50和CN100,与其相同氮素水平配施生物质炭后,N₂O年平均排放通量分别降低了0.49%、3.15%和4.67%;配施秸秆后,N₂O年平均排放通量分别增加了6.37%、3.44%和2.73%。单施氮肥或小麦秸秆配施氮肥均增加了N₂O排放的增温潜势,生物质炭配施氮肥减少了N₂O排放的增温潜势。主效应分析表明,氮素、秸秆均对提升N₂O排放通量发挥显著效应,而生物质炭具有降低效应。相关分析表明,土壤温度与N₂O通量表现为显著正相关关系,土壤含水量与N₂O通量表现为显著负相关关系（P<5%）。通径分析表明,土壤温度对N₂O通量的增大作用远大于土壤含水量对N₂O通量的减小作用。秸秆或生物质炭与氮素无交互效应,N₂O排放通量随氮素水平的增加而增大,秸秆还田促进了N₂O排放而生物质炭抑制了N₂O排放。因此,添加生物质炭对旱作农田固氮减排具有较大的潜力。     

铁氧化物-硅酸盐复合物的形成、性质及其对砷的固定

铁氧化物与硅酸盐矿物是土壤中最重要、最活跃的固相组分,它们之间的交互作用直接影响土壤物理化学特性,可有效地调控土壤(类)重金属的迁移、转化。本文以铁氧化物和硅酸盐矿物胶结过程中的一些表观特征变化为出发点,从宏观、表观到微观综述了二者交互作用的界面特性和机理、交互作用前后对土壤砷的固定与释放机制等内容。本文阐明层状硅酸盐与铁氧化物通过多种化学作用而发生表面复合,其中静电作用是作用力之一,带负电荷的硅酸盐与带正电荷的铁氧化物在静电引力的作用下迅速结合,在胶体表面双电层上形成二元团聚体;形成的二元团聚体可改变土壤矿物的表面积和孔性结构、表面电化学特性和物理性质。同时,铁氧化物-硅酸盐复合物表面的活性基团可以通过内层络合共氧的方式将土壤中AsO_4~(2-)络合,形成单核或双核表面络合物而固定砷。复合物对AsO_4~(2-)的吸附能力介于铁氧化物和硅酸盐矿物之间,并更接近铁氧化物的表面吸附特性。本文旨在为土壤砷的原位固定提供理论支撑。     

农田管理措施对滨海盐渍化土壤碳平衡的影响

为研究不同农田管理措施对滨海盐渍土壤碳平衡的影响,通过玉米-小麦轮作试验,研究农田土壤碳收支情况。试验共设6个处理:(1)常规对照(CK),(2)有机肥常量(OF),(3)氮肥增施(NF),(4)秸秆还田(S),(5)有机肥加秸秆(OF+S),(6)免耕(NT)。结果表明,秸秆还田和施用有机肥提高了土壤呼吸的强度,而NT处理的CO_2平均释放量最低,不同处理下土壤呼吸表现为OF+S处理S处理OM处理NF处理CKNT处理。各处理土壤有机碳量随着作物种植年份的增加而逐渐升高,其中OF与NT处理增加最多,而NF处理并没有显著提高土壤的有机碳量。在两季作物收获后,各处理的碳输入均高于碳输出,表现为碳净输入,呈现较强的碳汇特征。S处理和OF处理的碳净输入均显著高于CK,可有效减缓土壤CO_2排放,增加其有机碳的输入。