陕西蔬果电动作业农机发展思考

陕西省果蔬种植面积较大,果蔬作物多样,但大多数是家庭或小农场种植模式,但南北地形地貌差异较大,传统大型机械作业不便且费用较高,通过适度规模的宜机化改造后,中小型马力的动农机可完全适用小区域化果蔬园,在山丘区果园及设施种植环境下中小型电动农机就有很大的发展前景,并且中小型电动农机具在提质增效、智能化提升及节能减排方面也有较为广阔的发展空间。     

近20年新疆农田生态系统碳足迹时空变化

利用1994—2013年新疆农田生产投入和农作物产量等数据,采用碳排放系数法估算了新疆农田生态系统的碳排放量、碳吸收量及碳足迹的变化动态以及在各县市的空间分布特征。结果表明:新疆农田生态系统的碳排量从1994年的179.46万t增长到2013年的474.15万t;不同年份农业碳排放均主要源于化肥使用量的增加和不科学的灌溉方式,其最大贡献率分别为40.02%和41.56%;农田生态系统的碳吸收量20年间增加了2185.04万t,棉花对新疆农田生态系统的碳吸收量贡献最大,多年平均贡献率达47%;新疆农田生态系统的碳排放量、碳吸收量区域主要集中在南疆的县市并呈现出沿天山对称的趋势;1994—2013年,农田生态系统碳足迹呈现快速增长态势,从1994年的2 732.63×104C·hm-2·a-1增加至2013年的4 474.89×104C·hm-2·a-1,碳足迹增加了283.59×104C·hm-2·a-1,表明新疆农田生态系统存在碳生态盈余的现象,种植结构生态效益指数大于1的年份为11个,种植结构的调整迫在眉睫。     

外源一氧化氮对盐胁迫下山葡萄叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响

采用营养液水培试验,研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对盐胁迫下山葡萄‘双丰’1a生扦插苗叶片叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明:外源NO提高了盐胁迫下山葡萄叶片PSⅡ的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、PSⅡ实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学猝灭系数(qP),降低了PSⅡ的激发能压力(1-qP);另外,在一定程度上提高了盐胁迫下最大潜在电子传递速率(rETRm)、半饱和光强(Ik)和快速光曲线的初始斜率(α)。表明外源NO通过减少过剩激发能的压力,提高了光合电子传递效率,减轻不可逆光抑制,进而缓解盐胁迫对山葡萄光合机构的伤害,提高其耐盐性。     

Mechanisms Involved in the Growth Promotion of Weaned Piglets by High-level Zinc Oxide1

Dietary supplementation with high lev- els of zinc oxide （ZnO） is an effective method to prevent diarrhea and promote growth in weaned pig- lets. However, the mechanisms behind these beneficial effects are not well understood. Recent advances in this field indicated that the effects of ZnO on piglet growth are achieved through multiple regulatory path- ways rather than a single pathway. This review focu- ses on recent advances in the effects of high level ZnO on： 1 ） Zn status in weaned piglets; 2 ） intestinal microbe flora regulation; 3 ） intestinal structure and function;4） ion secretion in the intestine epithelium;5） intestinal immunology; and 6） secretion of brain-in- testine peptides. ZnO appears to regulate the intestinal microflora and decreases the release of histamine to prevent diarrhea. ZnO also increases the expression of intestinal insulin-like growth factor-1 （ IGF-1 ） and the IGF-1 receptor to ameliorate intestinal injury associat- ed with weaning, and mediates secretion of brain-gut peptides to stimulate food intake, to promote the growth of piglets. Better understanding of the underly-1 ing mechanisms should inspire us to supplement the diet for weaned piglets with ZnO and investigate new approaches to prevent diarrhea and enhance growth.     

小檗碱和川芎嗪对猪卵母细胞体外成熟中一氧化氮生成量的影响

试验以mTCM-199添加抗生素为对照组,以分别添加0.1μg/mL小檗碱(berberine,BR)和0.5μg/mL川芎嗪(ligustrazine,Lig)为试验组,比较各组卵母细胞体外成熟中一氧化氮(NO)生成量和卵母细胞的成熟效果,从而探讨中药单体成分对猪卵母细胞体外成熟过程中NO生成量的影响。结果表明:体外成熟前22 hNO生成量,对照组与Lig组差异极显著(P<0.01)、与BR组差异显著(P<0.05),Lig组与BR组差异显著(P<0.05);体外成熟后22 h NO生成量,对照、Lig及BR三组间均无显著差异(P>0.05),但Lig组的NO生成量少于BR组和对照组;体外成熟培养0～44 h不同组别NO生成量整体呈下降趋势,Lig组与BR组卵母细胞成熟率显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明卵母细胞体外成熟培养过程中,NO生成量随体外培养时间增加呈递减趋势,中药单体成分BR和Lig对卵母细胞成熟均起到一定的促进作用。低浓度NO代谢量可能对卵母细胞成熟有一定促进作用。     

中国农村可再生能源技术应用对温室气体减排贡献的研究

该文以国内外温室气体减排和能源领域的相关研究为基础,根据中国农村可再生能源技术特点,研究提出了适于农村可再生能源特点的燃料燃烧温室气体排放系数和粪便管理CH₄排放系数,以及CO₂和CH₄减排量的计算公式,并分析了农村可再生能源技术对减排温室气体的贡献。     

超声波和环氧丙烷改性马铃薯全粉的制备与性能研究

为开发优良马铃薯全粉资源,本试验利用超声波和环氧丙烷分别处理马铃薯全粉,采用扫描电镜、差示量热扫描、傅里叶变换红外光谱和X-射线衍射等方法,探究改性全粉在加工性能、热力学和结构性质等方面的差异.结果表明,与未改性马铃薯全粉(PF)相比,超声波改性马铃薯全粉(UF)和羟丙基马铃薯全粉(HF)的溶解度分别显著提高至18.3...     

Utilization of Livestock''s Dejection as Biogas Origin in Building New Countryside in Heilongjiang Province--Developing Utilization of Biogas and Promoting Energy-saving and Emission Reduction

With the startup and execution of new socialistic countryside construction in Heilongjiang Province,the transition from castoff to resource is strengthened in the countryside,aiming at neat appearance of the countryside,clean production and saving energy.People produce biogas and provide the countryside with new energy by means of turning livestock's dejection into resources,composting of the plant and animal's leavings in the courtyard and even in the factory.It is helpful for the countryside to conserve t...     

Do combined applications of crop residues and inorganic fertilizer lower emission of N2O from soil?

Emissions of N₂O were measured following addition of ¹⁵N‐labelled residues of tropical plant species [Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Mucuna pruriens and Leucaena leucocephala] to a Ferric Luvisol from Ghana at a rate of 100 mg N/kg soil under controlled environment conditions. Residues were also applied in different ratio combinations with inorganic N fertilizer, at a total rate of 100 mg N/kg soil. N₂O emissions were increased after addition of residues, and further increased with combined (ratio) applications of residues and inorganic N fertilizer. However, ¹⁵N‐N₂O production was low and short‐lived in all treatments, suggesting that most of the measured N₂O‐N was derived from the applied fertilizer or native soil mineral N pools. There was no consistent trend in magnitude of emissions with increasing proportion of inorganic fertilizer in the application. The positive interactive effect between residue‐ and fertilizer‐N sources was most pronounced in the 25:75 Leucaena:fertilizer and cowpea:fertilizer treatments where 1082 and 1130 mg N₂O‐N/g residue were emitted over 30 days. N₂O (log_e) emission from all residue amended treatments was positively correlated with the residue C:N ratio, and negatively correlated with residue polyphenol content, polyphenol:N ratio and (lignin + polyphenol):N ratio, indicating the role of residue chemical composition in regulating emissions even when combined with inorganic fertilizer. The positive interactive effect in our treatments suggests that it is unlikely that combined applications of residues and inorganic fertilizer can lower N₂O emissions unless the residue is of very low quality promoting strong immobilisation of soil mineral N.     

Assessment of the accuracy of testicular dysfunction detection in male donkey (Equus asinus) with the aid of colour-spectral Doppler in relation to plasma testosterone and serum nitric oxide levels

This study aimed to determine the usefulness of colour and pulsed Doppler modes for the accurate diagnosis of donkeys suffering from subfertility to determine whether testicular vascularity assessment could be an indicator for sperm functionality. The study sample was composed of 10 male donkeys with normospermia (control group) and 10 donkeys with hypospermia. Animals underwent scrotal circumference measurement, testicular Doppler examination, seminal evaluation, blood sampling and hormonal assay. Semen volume and concentration were significantly (p ≤ .05) lower in the subfertile group (30.25 ± 1.22 ml and 89.44 ± 2.55 × 10⁶/ml) as compared with the control group (82.76 ± 1.65 ml and 452.78 ± 1.25 × 10⁶/ml), and total sperm/ejaculation was significantly (p ≤ .05) higher in the normal donkeys (28.30 ± 2.32 × 10⁹/total ejaculated) as compared with the subfertile group. Intratesticular coloured area showed a marked decline in the hypospermic males. There was no significant difference between the two groups in testosterone level, although the normal group showed an increase in nitric oxide metabolites. Both Doppler indices of the three branches of the testicular artery were elevated significantly (p ≤ .05) in abnormal donkeys, whereas Doppler peak systolic and end-diastolic velocities were increased in the normal group. Male donkeys with subfertility demonstrated lower arterial vascularity parameters in the form of intratesticular coloured area and blood flow rate; therefore, the most optimal parameters for differentiating subfertile hypospermic from normospermic donkeys were found to be the two Doppler indices, velocities parameters, testicular blood flow rate and nitric oxide levels.