区分土壤中硝化与反硝化对N2O产生贡献的方法

土壤是产生N2O的最主要来源之一。硝化和反硝化反应是产生N2O的主要机理,由于硝化和反硝化微生物同时存在于土壤中,因而硝化和反硝化作用能同时产生N2O。N2O的来源可通过使用选择性抑制剂,杀菌剂以及加入的标记底物确定。通过对生成N2O反应的每一步分析,主要从抑制反应发生的催化酶和细菌着手,总结了测量区分硝化、反硝化和DNRA反应对N2O产生的贡献方法。并对15N标记底物法,乙炔抑制法和环境因子抑制法作了详细介绍。     

Hydrogen consumption and carbon monoxide production in soils with different properties

 Soils are the dominant sink in the global budget of atmospheric H₂, and can be an important local source of atmospheric CO. In order to understand which soil characteristics affect the rates of H₂ consumption and CO production, we measured these activities in 16 different soils at 30% and 60% of their maximum water holding capacity (whc). The soils were obtained from forests, meadows and agricultural fields in Germany and exhibited different characteristics with respect to texture, pH, total C, substrate-induced respiration (SIR), respiration, total and inorganic N, N mineralization, nitrification, N₂O production and NO turnover. The H₂ consumption rate constants were generally lower at 60% than at 30% whc, whereas the CO production rates were not influenced by the whc. Spearman correlation analysis showed that H₂ consumption correlated significantly (r>0.5, P<0.05) at both water contents only with SIR and potential nitrification. The correlation with these variables that are largely dominated by soil microorganisms is consistent with our understanding that atmospheric H₂ is oxidized by soil hydrogenases. Multiple regression analysis and factor analysis gave similar results. Production of CO, on the other hand, was significantly correlated to soil total C, respiration, total N and NH₄ ⁺. The correlation with these variables that are largely dominated by a soil's chemical composition is consistent with our understanding that CO is produced by chemical oxidation of soil organic C. CO production was also influenced by soil usage, with rates increasing in the order: arable<meadow<forest. H₂ consumption was not influenced by soil usage. Received: 28 October 1999     

长期施肥对土nirS型反硝化细菌的影响及其与N2O排放的关系

土壤反硝化作用是土壤N₂O产生的重要过程,亚硝酸盐还原酶(NIR)催化的亚硝态氮(NO^-₂)还原为一氧化氮(NO)是反硝化作用的关键环节,研究长期施肥对反硝化微生物的影响及其与N₂O排放的关系对于全面理解土壤反硝化过程具有重要意义。基于28年的旱作雨养长期施肥试验,通过常规监测、定量PCR和高通量测序等探讨了长期不同施肥(不施肥CK、偏施肥的单施氮肥N和氮钾配施NK、以及氮磷钾平衡施肥NPK)下■土N₂O排放和nirS反硝化细菌群落特征及两者之间的关系。结果表明:长期化肥施用(N,NK和NPK)均显著提高了N₂O累积排放量,其中平衡施肥(NPK)最高。长期化肥施用对nirS基因丰度和nirS型反硝化细菌的α-多样性无显著影响,但长期平衡施用化肥提高了uncultured_bacterium₂303和Rhodanobacter_sp._D206a的相对丰度,降低了unclass...     

除草剂对土壤温室气体排放的影响

试验设对照、尿素、尿素+草甘膦和尿素+丁草胺4个处理,尿素氮用量为200mg·kg-1干土,除草剂用量为10mg有效成分·kg-1干土。在实验室恒温培养条件下,研究除草剂对菜田土壤温室气体排放的影响。结果表明,菜田土壤中施用氮肥显著增加了温室气体N2O、CO2和CH4的排放。尿素氮肥中添加草甘膦显著抑制N2O、CO2的排放,分别比尿素处理降低48.4%和20.2%;添加丁草胺显著抑制N2O排放,比尿素处理降低23.2%,对CO2排放略有减少但不显著;草甘膦和丁草胺对CH4排放都无明显影响。这说明除草剂对土壤温室气体的排放具有显著影响,但不同除草剂品种的效应也存在明显差异。因此,在农田温室气体排放估算时应考虑除草剂的施用对温室气体减排所产生的效果。     

Effects of different nitrogen fertilizer management practices on wheat yields and N2O emissions from wheat ifelds in North China

Nitrogen (N) is one of the macronutrients required for plant growth, and reasonable application of N fertilizers can increase crop yields and improve their quality. However, excessive application of N ...     

Soils and nitrous oxide research

Between 1990 and 2008, Soil Use and Management has published around 42 articles which have dealt with nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions from soils. The importance of this subject to readers of the journal has increased rapidly in recent years. A substantial number of these papers have appeared in two supplements. These were ‘Soils and the Greenhouse Effect’, vol. 13 (4) and ‘Soils as Carbon Sinks’, vol. 20. The number of annual citations of articles on N₂O in the journal has risen from zero in the early 1990s to 160 per year in 2008. In this article, we have highlighted some of the more important papers on N₂O that have been published by Soil Use and Management, and explain how they have helped advance our understanding of the role that soil management plays in influencing N₂O emissions.     

垃圾堆肥及其复合肥对农田土壤N_2O排放的影响

设置不同肥料处理小区,并将同一施肥处理分为秸秆覆盖与无覆盖两部分,种植玉米,应用静态箱-气相色谱分析技术,研究了不同施肥处理对农田土壤N2O通量的影响,并分析了土壤水分对土壤N2O通量的影响.结果表明,玉米田土壤N2O排放具有明显的季节变化,苗期玉米田土壤的排放高峰主要是施肥的原因.不同施肥处理之间土壤N2O通量的差异主要表现在苗期堆肥处理和复合肥处理的土壤N2O平均通量分别为42.3和21.9μg N·m-2·h-1;抽穗期土壤N2O通量增大是由于受降水影响.玉米生长季节内,垃圾堆肥处理的土壤N2O平均通量大于复合肥处理;与对照相比,施用垃圾堆肥及其复合肥使农田土壤的N2O通量增加,其土壤N2O平均通量分别是对照的1.9倍和1.5倍;与无秸秆覆盖相比,秸秆覆盖使土壤N2O排放通量增大.     

福建省几种主要红壤性水稻土的硝化与反硝化活性

在实验室培养条件下,研究了4种红壤性水稻土硝化和反硝化活性的差异。结果表明,氮肥在4种土壤中的硝化率差异极显著,表现为灰泥土>浅灰黄泥沙土>灰黄泥土>黄泥土,培养642h后硝化率分别为85.6%、24.3%、22.5%和6.7%。不同土壤的硝化率与土壤中硝化细菌数(主要是亚硝酸菌)显著相关(r2=0.95),pH值最高和最低的土壤其硝化率分别表现出最高和最低,但浅灰黄泥沙土在pH5.1条件下,硝化率可达24.3%。在施氮肥条件下,不同土壤的反硝化活性差异也极显著,其中黄泥土反硝化活性最高,氮肥反硝化损失量达25.16μgN·g-1土,占施氮量的12.12%,反硝化作用可能是该土壤氮肥损失的主要途径之一;另外3种土壤间反硝化活性差异不显著,氮肥反硝化损失量仅占施氮量的-0.15%～0.27%。反硝化菌数量与氮肥反硝化损失量之间无明显相关性。可以认为反硝化作用在不同类型土壤氮肥损失中的作用和贡献有很大差异。     

Nitrous oxide emissions from grassland in an intensive dairy farm in the Basque Country of Spain

Abstract. Intensively managed grasslands are potentially a large source of N₂O in the North Coast of Spain because of the large N input, the wet soil conditions and mild temperatures. To quantify the effect of fertilizer type and management practices carried out by farmers in this area, field N₂O losses were measured over a year using the closed chamber technique. Plots received two types of fertilizer: cattle slurry (536 kg N ha^–1) and calcium ammonium nitrate (140 kg N ha^–1). N₂O losses were less in the slurry treatment than after mineral fertilizer. This was probably due to high, short‐lived peaks of N₂O encountered immediately following mineral N addition. In contrast, the seasonal distribution of N₂O losses from the slurry amended plot was more uniform over the year. The greater N₂O losses in the mineral treatment might have been enhanced by the combined effect of mineral fertilizer and past organic residues present from previous organic amendments. Weak relationships were found between N₂O emission rates and soil nitrate, soil ammonium, soil water content and temperature. Better relationships were obtained in the mineral treatment than in the slurry plots, because of the wider range in soil mineral N. Water filled pore space (WFPS) was a key factor controlling N₂O emissions. In the > 90% WFPS range no relationships were found. The best regressions were found for the mineral treatment in the 40–65% WFPS range, 49% of the variance being explained by soil nitrate and ammonium content. In the 65–90% WFPS range, 43% of the variance was explained by nitrate only, but the inclusion of soil ammonium did not improve the model as it did in the 40–65% WFPS range. This fact indicates that nitrification is likely to be an important process involved in N₂O emissions at the 40–65% WFPS.