短程硝化液提升市政污泥中温厌氧消化产沼能力的工程试验分析

文章通过控制桂平市污泥处理厂中沼液多级好氧生化系统的曝气量,获得含游离亚硝酸(FNA)的短程硝化液并回流至有效容积为100 m3的中温厌氧反应器,与市政剩余污泥进行联合厌氧消化产沼气.试验结果表明:短程硝化液的加入可显著提高市政污泥中温厌氧消化产酸产气效率.当反应器中HNO2-N浓度为178 mg·L-1时,SCOD的...     

水肥气一体化灌溉对温室辣椒地土壤N2O排放的影响

采用水肥气一体化灌溉可改善土壤的通气状况,影响土壤碳氮循环过程,进而影响土壤N_2O的排放。为明确施氮、增氧和灌水对温室辣椒地土壤N_2O排放的影响,设置了施氮量(300、225 kg/hm~2)、溶氧量(40、5 mg/L)和灌水量(1. 0W、0. 6W,W为充分灌溉时的灌水量) 3因素2水平试验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法监测N_2O排放通量,系统研究了水肥气一体化灌溉对温室辣椒地土壤N_2O排放的影响,并通过结构方程模型分析各影响因子对N_2O排放的定量贡献。结果表明,增氧处理、施氮量和灌水量的增加可增加温室辣椒地土壤N_2O的排放通量峰值、排放总量和单产排放量。试验中增氧条件下N_2O排放总量较对照增加了31. 90%;充分灌溉较非充分灌溉增加了43. 22%;常量施氮较减量施氮增加了33. 01%。增氧处理和灌水量的增加可提高温室辣椒的氮素利用效率,而施氮量的增加降低了温室辣椒的氮素利用效率。综合考虑作物产量、氮素利用效率和单产N_2O排放量,减量施氮非充分灌溉增氧处理是推荐的水肥气管理方案。通过结构方程模型的路径分析,土壤温度、充水孔隙度和NO3--N含量可分别解释N_2O排放的42%、60%和58%,是影响水肥气一体化灌溉的主要影响因子。     

稻田N_2O排放影响因素与减排研究进展

氧化亚氮(N_2O)是稻田生态系统中一种主要的温室气体,在全球温室效应中起着很大作用。本文从稻田N_2O的产生机制、影响稻田N_2O排放的主要因素以及稻田N_2O减排的技术措施等方面综述了稻田N_2O的研究进展,并对未来开展稻田N_2O排放研究提出了一些设想,以期为减少稻田温室气体排放和氮损失提供参考。     

冬小麦/大葱轮作体系N_2O排放特征及影响因素研究

采用静态暗箱-气相色谱法研究了冬小麦/大葱轮作体系不同施肥处理下农田N2O排放特征及排放系数,分析了土壤湿度和土壤温度等环境因子对N2O排放的影响。结果表明,农田N2O排放高峰值主要出现在每次施肥＋灌溉或强降雨之后的一段时间,大葱生长季排放峰值高且出现的频率比小麦生长季密集;N2O排放通量变化范围为-3.85～507.11μg N·m-2·h-1,平均值为251.63μgN·m-2·h-1,对于不同施肥处理,其年度N2O排放总量介于1.71 kg N·hm-2到4.60 kg N·hm-2之间。整个轮作体系不同处理N2O排放系数介于0.31%到0.48%之间,均值为0.43%;相对比农民习惯（FP）处理,优化施肥（OPT）、优化减氮（OPT-N）以及秸秆还田（C/N）处理均能显著减少N2O的排放,秸秆还田处理和优化减氮处理N2O排放总量比优化处理分别减少了17%和10%。在10℃〈土壤温度（T）s〈20℃时,N2O排放随温度的升高而增加;整个小麦生长季N2O排放随土壤湿度的增加而增加,且达到0.05的显著水平;大葱生长季在20℃〈Ts〈30℃时,土壤水分含量成为主要限制因素,N2O排放与土壤孔隙含水量（WFPS）呈显著指数正相关关系。秸秆还田处理作物产量高于其他处理,是具有减排增产＂双赢＂效果的农田管理措施。     

九龙江河口养虾塘氧化亚氮排放通量及影响因素

水产养殖生态系统由于其高氮负荷而成为氧化亚氮(N_2O)的潜在释放源,为探究其排放特征,选择福建省九龙江河口养虾塘为研究对象,采用悬浮箱-气相色谱仪法测定其水-气界面N_2O排放通量变化,并结合气象要素和水环境因子分析其主要影响因素。结果表明:九龙江河口养殖塘水-气界面N_2O排放通量的变化范围和均值分别为0.10～0.64μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1)和(0.26±0.07)μmol·m~(-2)·h~(-1),均表现为向大气释放N_2O的源。N_2O排放通量随养殖期推迟呈现持续增加,且在白天不同时刻存在显著变化。相关分析表明,N_2O排放通量与养殖水体的温度、溶解性有机碳、NO_2~--N和NO_3~--N浓度呈显著正相关,与盐度呈显著负相关。多元回归分析表明,水体盐度和NO_2~--N浓度是影响养虾塘N_2O排放的主要因素。     

不同竹炭施用量对稻田甲烷和氧化亚氮排放的影响

以来源于竹材废弃物的生物炭为试验材料,采集宁绍平原典型稻田土壤进行水稻盆栽试验,探究不同竹炭施用量条件下生物炭对稻田温室气体排放的影响。研究结果表明:与空白对照处理相比,来源于竹材废弃物的生物质经炭化后还田对稻田温室气体CH4和N2O排放有显著的抑制作用,且减排效果随着竹炭施用量的增加而增强,生物炭处理的水稻产量亦比空白和常规施肥处理有所提高。施用竹炭条件下,CH4和N2O季节累积排放量比对照处理分别降低了58.2%~91.7%和25.8%~83.8%;相对常规施肥处理而言,降低幅度分别高达64.3%~92.9%和72.3%~93.9%。这可能是由于竹炭所包含的有机碳高度芳香化而具有生物化学和热稳定性,同时竹炭有很大的比表面积和表面吸附能,竹炭的施用可能改善了水稻土理化特性并抑制相关微生物的活性,从而降低了稻田温室气体排放。     

Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Rice-Duck and Rice-Fish Complex Ecosystems and the Evaluation of Their Economic Significance

Rice-duck （RD） and rice-fish （RF） ecological systems are major complex planting and breeding models of rice paddy fields in southern China. Studying the methane （CH4） and nitrous oxide （N2O） emissions and their economic value from these two ecosystems can provide theoretical and practical basis for further development and utilization of these classical agricultural techniques. CH4 and N2O emissions from RD and RF ecological systems were measured in situ by using static chambers technique. Using global warming potentials （GWPs）, we assessed the greenhouse effect of CH4 and N2O and their economic value. Results showed that the peaks of CH4 emission fluxes from RD and RF appeared at full tillering stage and at heading stage, and the average emission fluxes were significantly （P〈 0.05） lower than that from CK. N2O fluxes remained low when the field is flooded and high after draining the water. Compared with CK, the total amount of N2O emissions was significantly （P〈0.05） higher and slightly lower than those from RD and RF, respectively. In 2006 and 2007, the total greenhouse effect of CH4 and N20 from RD and RF were 4 728.3 and 4 611 kg CO2 ha^-1, 4 545 and 4 754.3 kg CO2 ha^-1, respectively. The costs of greenhouse effect were 970.89 and 946.81 RMB yuan ha^-1, and 933.25 and 976.23 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, which were significant lower than those from CK （5 997.6 and 5 391.5 RMB yuan ha^-1）. Except for the environment cost of CH4 and N2O, the economic benefits from RD and RF were 2 210.64 and 4 881.92 RMB yuan ha^-1; 3 798.37 and 5 310.64 RMB yuan ha^-1, respectively, higher than those from CK. Therefore, RD and RF complex ecological planting and breeding models can effectively decrease and control CH4 and N2O emissions, and they are two of the effective strategies to reduce greenhouse gases from rice paddy fields and contribute in alleviating global warming. Thus, their adoption is important to the environment together with their economy benefits.     

沼液施用对潮土氧化亚氮排放通量的影响

通过对潮土养猪沼液施加试验,采用静态箱．气相色谱法于2010年7月（夏季）、2011年3月（冬末春初）观测了不施沼液、正常施沼液及大量施沼液等3种处理的土壤氧化亚氮（N20）排放通量,研究其排放特征与影响因素。研究结果表明：①沼液施用显著提高了氧化亚氮平均排放通量（P〈0．001）,不同沼液处理（不施沼液、正常施沼液、大量施沼液）排放通量范围分别为11-25～68147μg·m-2·h-1,20．13～244．35μg·m-2·h-1,40．09～618．43μg·m-2·h-1;②土壤氧化亚氮排放通量除受沼液施加水平影响外,还随着土壤温度的提高而增加：③土壤氧化亚氮排放通量与土壤水分呈极显著相关（P〈0．001）．与土壤硝态氮质量分数显著相关（P〈0．05）;④以相同施氮量计,沼液施加引起的氧化亚氮排放速率远高于尿素或者硫胺等氮肥。图3表1参22     

Above and Below Ground Measurements of Greenhouse Gases from Swine Effluent Amended Soil

Abstract

As a means of economic disposal and to reduce need for chemical fertilizer, waste generated from swine production is often applied to agricultural land. However, there remain many environmental concerns about this practice. Two such concerns, contribution to the greenhouse effect and stratospheric ozone depletion by gases emitted from waste‐amended soils, have not been thoroughly investigated. An intact core study at Auburn University (32 36′N, 85 36′W) was conducted to determine the source‐sink relationship of three greenhouse gases in three Alabama soils (Black Belt, Coastal Plain, and Appalachian Plateau regions) amended with swine waste effluent. Soil cores were arranged in a completely random design, and treatments used for each soil type consisted of a control, a swine effluent amendment (112 kg N ha^?1), and an ammonium nitrate (NH₄NO₃) fertilizer amendment (112 kg N ha^?1). During a 2‐year period, a closed‐chamber technique was used to determine rates of emission of nitrous oxide (N₂O)–nitrogen (N), carbon dioxide (CO₂)–carbon (C), and methane (CH₄)–C from the soil surface. Gas probes inserted into the soil cores were used to determine concentrations of N₂O‐N and CO₂‐C from depths of 5, 15, and 25 cm. Soil water was collected from each depth using microlysimeters at the time of gas collection to determine soil‐solution N status. Application of swine effluent had an immediate effect on emissions of N₂O‐N, CO₂‐C, and CH₄‐C from all soil textures. However, greatest cumulative emissions and highest peak rates of emission of all three trace gases, directly following effluent applications, were most commonly observed from sandier textured Coastal Plain and Appalachian Plateau soils, as compared to heavier textured Black Belt soil. When considering greenhouse gas emission potential, soil type should be a determining factor for selection of swine effluent waste disposal sites in Alabama.     

一氧化碳对切花月季瓶插寿命和抗氧化代谢的影响

 研究了不同浓度(0.001、0.01和0.1μmol·L ^{- 1} ) 的外源一氧化碳(CO) 供体高铁血红素(Hematin, H) 对切花月季‘影星’的瓶插寿命和抗氧化代谢的影响。结果表明, 与对照相比, CO供体在0.001～0.01μmol·L ^{- 1}范围内, 随使用浓度的提高延长了切花月季的瓶插寿命, 其中0.01μmol·L ^{- 1}处理效果最明显, 而0.1μmol·L ^{- 1}的处理反而缩短切花月季的瓶插寿命。进一步研究发现, H 0.01μmol·L ^{- 1}处理还不同程度地上调前期过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性, 显著降低MDA含量。