氮肥减施下施用炭吸附聚谷氨酸叶面肥对夏玉米产量、氮素累积和转运的影响

田间试验设置正常氮和减氮20%两个施氮水平,每个氮处理下设置不喷施、3或8叶期小剂量喷施炭吸附聚谷氨酸（1.8 kg/hm²）、3或8叶期大剂量喷施（3.6 kg/hm²）等5个处理,研究氮肥减施下喷施炭吸附聚谷氨酸对玉米植株干物质和氮素累积分配及子粒产量的影响。结果表明,施氮处理对各器官干物质量的累积分配无显著影响,氮肥减施后氮素累积量明显降低,但子粒中氮素分配比例提高5.6%。与不喷施相比,3叶期喷施显著增加干物质和氮素累积量,子粒氮素分配比例在8叶期小剂量喷施下最高为61.39%,8叶期喷施显著提高了营养器官花后氮素转运量和转运效率。喷施处理显著提高了果穗行粒数,正常氮下3叶期小剂量喷施处理的产量最高为11.87 t/hm²。氮肥减施小剂量喷施下的产量与正常氮不喷施处理无显著差异,因此,在夏玉米生产中,氮肥减施20%下3或8叶期喷施炭吸附聚谷氨酸1.8 kg/hm²能够维持玉米产量。     

Utilization of Nano Rock Phosphate by Maize （Zea mays L.） Crop in a Vertisol of Central India

An attempt was made in the present investigation to utilize the vast deposit of rock phosphate （RP） of India by preparing nano RP using modem tool of nano-science and nano-technology for field application to maize crop （Zea mays L.）. To evaluate the efficacy of different nano RP, a field experiment was conducted during kharif season （June to September） of 2012 at India Institute of Soil Science （IISS）, Bhopal, taking maize as a test crop. The experiment consisted of five treatments （control, NK （100%）, NPK （100%）, NK （I00%） ＋ 60 kg P205） as nano RP through Udaipur nano RP （34% P205） and Udaipur nano RP （31% P205） were tested in randomized block design with four replications. The results showed that the shelling percentage, 1,000 grain weight, grain and stover yield, etc., were significantly higher in the maize plant treated with Udaipur nano RP （34% P205） as compared to the control, which was being at par with single super phosphate （SSP） treated plants. The total P content and its uptake were higher （0.65% and 40.29 kg/ha） in SSP treated plant, which was closely followed by Udaipur nano RP 34% （0.63% and 38.29 kg/ha） over the control （0.60% and 27.82 kg/ha）. The SSP treated plants had significantly highest apparent P recovery （47.98%） which was comparable to Udaipur nano RP （34% P205）, where as the Udaipur nano RP （31% P205） had the lowest. The additional N and K uptake by the plant was also observed with application of P sources, which were ranged from 16.5 kg/ha to 37.2 kg/ha and 27.9 kg/ha to 64.7 kg/ha under different P treatments. These results showed that crop utilization of P from nano RP was at par with that of P from SSP while yield response to P from nano RP was marginally lower than to P from SSP but serve as a cheaper source.     

Nitrogen Removal Improvement by Adding Peat in Deep Soil of Su bsu rface Wastewater Infiltration System

In order to enhance the nitrogen removal, a subsurface wastewater infiltration system （SWIS） was improved by adding peat in deep soil as carbon source for denitrification process. The effects of addition of carbon source in the underpart of the SWIS on nitrogen removal at different influents （with the total nitrogen （TN） concentration 40 and 80 mg L^-1, respectively） were investigated by soil column simulating experiments. When the relatively light pollution influent with 40 mg L^-1 TN was used, the average concentrations of NO3-N and TN in effluents were （4.69±0.235）, （6.18±0.079） mg L^-1, respectively, decreased by 32 and 30.8% than the control; the NO3--N concentration of all effluents was below the maximum contaminant level of 10 mg L^-1; as high as 92.67% of the TN removal efficiency was achieved. When relatively heavy pollution influent with 80 mg LITN was used, the average concentrations of NO3--N and TN in effluents were （10.2±0.265）, （12.5±0.148） mg L^-1 respectively, decreased by 20 and 21.2% than the control; the NO3--N concentration of all effluents met the grade Ⅲ of the national quality standard for ground water of China （GB/T 14848-1993） with the values less than 20 mg L^-1; the TN removal efficiency of 94.1% was achieved. In summary, adding peat in the underpart of the SWIS significantly decreased TN and NO3- -N concentration in effluents and the nitrogen removal efficiency improved significantly.     

厦门市红壤对氨氮的吸附研究

[目的]为了研究土壤对氨氮的吸附特性对含氨氮废水的处理提供参考。[方法]在其他条件固定的情况下,研究pH、粒径、盐度的变化对土壤吸附的影响。[结果]红壤对氨态氮具有显著的吸附作用,并且吸附速度很快,一般在30 min就可以基本达到平衡。粒度越小,pH越大,土壤对氨氮的吸附能力也越强。[结论]该研究对氨氮污水灌溉、氨氮在土壤和地下水中迁移转化的预测有重要意义。     

长白山8种林型土壤有机碳和全氮的质量分数及垂直分布特征1）

基于样地调查和室内分析,比较研究了长白山地区典型的8种森林类型土壤有机碳和全氮的质量分数、碳氮比、碳密度和氮密度的分布特征。结果表明,8种林型土壤有机碳和全氮的质量分数变化范围分别是36．99～70．33、3．14～6．04 g· kg－1,有机碳、全氮质量分数最大的林型均是阔叶混交天然林。红松天然林土壤C ／N值最大为15．56,其它C ／N值变化范围为10．55～12．19。在土壤垂直剖面上,随着土层深度的增加,土壤的有机碳、全氮质量分数随之递减,土壤密度随之递增。8种林型土壤碳密度是杨树天然林最大,为22．13 kg· m－2,氮密度是落叶松人工林最大,为1．97 kg· m－2;针阔混交人工林的碳密度和氮密度均为最小,分别是12．37、1．11 kg· m－2。     

墨西哥柏幼苗生长和光合生理对氮沉降的响应

选取2年生墨西哥柏幼苗为试验对象,以NH4NO3为外加氮源,通过模拟氮沉降试验,研究其生长和光合生理对氮增加的响应.结果表明:幼苗在高氮水平处理下其生长不断受到抑制,而在中氮水平处理下,幼苗生长不断得到促进.随着施氮浓度增加,墨西哥柏幼苗的根质量和根长均降低,表明氮处理抑制根的生长,分配到根部分的生物量下降.幼苗的净光合速率呈现出随氮处理浓度增加而先增加后降低的趋势,即中氮组的净光合速率最高,而高氮组开始逐渐下降.幼苗的水分利用效率变化趋势与净光合速率一致.幼苗叶片光合色素含量随氮处理水平增加而增加.说明短期内中氮水平对幼苗生长和光合作用影响最显著,而高氮水平对幼苗光合色素影响最显著.     

毛竹竹片化学染色的工艺参数研究

为了丰富竹片的颜色,提高竹产品的应用价值,采用染料染色的方法对竹片进行染色,探讨了前处理方式、染料种类、染色温度、染色时间、染液质量分数和助剂等对竹片染色效果的影响。结果表明,漂白、酸性大红、易渗剂10 mL等均较有利于竹片上染率的提高;染色温度对竹片上染率的影响极显著,随着温度的升高,上染率增加;随着染色时间的延长,竹片上染率呈逐步上升趋势;竹片上染率随着染液质量分数的增加呈现先升后降的趋势,质量分数约为0.7%时有最大上染率。较为优化的染色工艺:水浴温度控制在90℃左右,将经漂白的竹片置于质量分数为0.7%的酸性大红染液中水浴加热72 h,其间加入易渗剂10 mL。     

接种比对餐厨垃圾中温厌氧消化的影响

在(37±1)℃条件下采用批式厌氧消化试验方法,研究接种比(m(接种物)∶m(底物),按挥发性固体(VS)计)为1∶1、2∶1、3∶1和4∶1时去油和未去油餐厨垃圾的厌氧消化性能。结果表明:未去油和去油后餐厨垃圾发酵过程中,接种比为3∶1时产气量最高,单位挥发性固体(VS)沼气累积产气量分别为951.2和851.4mL/g,单位VS甲烷累积产气量分别为546.1和499.1mL/g;接种比为1∶1时,产气量最低,单位VS沼气累积产气量分别为831.5和730.3mL/g,单位VS累积产甲烷量分别为524.1和425.8mL/g。接种比为1∶1时,未去油和去油后餐厨垃圾在厌氧消化初始阶段pH较低,且沼气日产气量和甲烷浓度也明显低于其他各组。未去油餐厨垃圾累积产气量比去油后餐厨垃圾累积产气量高12.6%。随着接种比逐渐提高(1∶1~4∶1),未去油和去油后餐厨垃圾发酵过程延滞期逐渐缩短;未去油餐厨垃圾在适宜接种比(2∶1~4∶1)范围内延滞期均高于去油餐厨垃圾。餐厨垃圾油脂含量较高,厌氧消化延滞期较长;提高接种比有利于缩短消化时间,提高反应器运行效率。     

膜孔直径对微咸水膜孔灌土壤水盐氮运移分布影响

通过室内不同膜孔直径膜孔灌单点源微咸水入渗试验,分析了相同灌水时间下膜孔直径对微咸水膜孔灌土壤水、盐、硝态氮运移分布影响,结果表明:膜孔直径越大,相同入渗时间的累积入渗量越大;相同入渗时间,湿润锋运移距离随膜孔直径的增大而增大;灌水结束时,膜孔直径越小,相同位置的土壤含水量越小;土壤硝态氮含量随着距离膜孔中心距离增大而减小,随着膜孔直径的增大而增大,而土壤含盐量则相反。以上研究结果可以为合理利用微咸水进行膜孔灌灌溉提供理论依据。     

氮素和水分对贝加尔针茅草原土壤酶活性和微生物量碳氮的影响

在内蒙古贝加尔针茅草原,分别设对照(N0)、1.5 g·m^-2(N15)、3.0 g·m^-2(N30)、5.0 g·m^-2(N50)、10.0 g·m^-2(N100)、15.0 g·m^-2(N150)、20.0 g·m^-2(N200)和30g·m^-2(N300)(不包括大气沉降的氮量)8个氮素(NH₄NO₃)梯度和模拟夏季增加降水100 mm的水分添加交互试验,研究氮素和水分添加对草原土壤养分、酶活性及微生物量碳氮的影响。结果表明:氮素和水分添加对草原土壤理化性质和生物学特性有显著影响。随施氮量的增加土壤总有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮含量呈增加的趋势,相反,土壤pH值呈降低的趋势。土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶的活性随施氮量的增加而升高,多酚氧化酶则随施氮量的增加呈下降的趋势。氮素和水分添加对草原土壤微生物量碳氮含量有显著影响,高氮处理(N150、N200和N300)显著降低了微生物碳含量,微生物氮含量随施氮量的增加呈上升趋势。水分添加能够减缓氮素添加对微生物的抑制作用,提高微生物量碳、微生物量氮含量。草原土壤养分、土壤酶活性及土壤微生物量碳氮含量间关系密切,过氧化氢酶与全氮、总有机碳、硝态氮呈显著正相关,多酚氧化酶与铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮呈显著负相关。微生物量氮含量与土壤全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮含量以及过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性呈显著正相关,与多酚氧化酶呈负相关;微生物量碳与过氧化氢酶呈负相关,与多酚氧化酶活性呈正相关。